Most Models of Communication focus on the following questions:

·Who communicates?

·What do they communicate?

·How is the message sent?

·Who do they communicate to?

·Why do they communicate?

Adult Ego State: It is represented by behaviours, thoughts and feelings which are direct responses to here and now. 

Child Ego State: Behaviour, thoughts and feelings replayed from childhood, it is the part of the personality, which is preserved from actual childhood and it also contains all the impulses a person was born with.
 This concept has been criticised, for more or less justifiable reasons. The theory itself incurs certain risks. Of the more frequently encountered risks, there is the simplification of relationship patterns, which can:

·         tend to focus on the analysis of the situation (instead of concentrating on solving the problem)

·         facilitate an explanation or interpretation (instead of questioning the other person to allow them to present their frame of reference and, therefore, explain the many ideas they have on the issue)

·         push the user to stress their understanding of the concepts, rather than focusing on their interaction with the other person.

allow people to believe that it is easy to help others, simply through Transactional Analysis models 

To motivate means the act or process of giving someone a reason for doing something. Motivation is a thing that can increase learners’ determination and interest in  learning. A teacher should put a strong focus on the learners ‘motives to be able to accommodate them. 

Body language is the unspoken element of communication that people use to reveal true feelings and emotions. Only when ‘reading’ signs such as: smiles, frowns, position of hands/legs, etc people can understand the complete message of what someone says. 

´Dyslexia is a very frequent learning difficulty. Dyslexia can cause problems with reading, writing and spelling, but in this case, intelligence is not affected. It is estimated that 1 in every 10 people in the UK has some degree of dyslexia. 
 Each person with dyslexia will experience the condition in a way that is unique to them, however in the following lines there will be presented a couple of signs of dyslexia according to the individual’s age. 

 

There are two components to effective listening: attention and reflection.

´Attention involves holding eye contact, nodding, having good posture, and mirroring the speaker’s body language to show genuine interest in what they're saying. In addition to these nonverbal cues, people must also allow the speaker to finish their thought in its entirety. 

´Reflection is the repeating and paraphrasing of what the speaker has said to show that you truly understand what they're telling you.

 

Nowadays people understood that the only way to progress is to study.  People can study by distance and flexible learning, which allows them to combine studies with work or other commitments. 

Email communication can be defined as the exchange of short informational messages between at least two people over a computer network. People can send plain text, images or document attachments which are delivered through email web-based services like Gmail, Outlook, or Yahoo.

´The blind quadrant is what is known by others, but not known by myself. If the person who notices this will inform the other person the window shade moves. 

´The hidden quadrant is known by myself, but not known by others. As soon as a person tells secrets the window shades are moved. 

´The unknown quadrant is what is not known by myself and also not known by others. 
The main criticism of the Johari Window is not so much a structural problem (what the model is) but a practical concern (how the model is used). The model explicitly invites the sharing of personal information. The quality and quantity of personal information shared is ultimately left to the judgement of the individuals in the group. 

´The Encoder is the machine (or person) that converts the idea into signals that can be send from the Sender to the Receiver. 

´The channel of communication is the infrastructure that gets information.

´Noise interrupts a message while it’s on the way from the Sender to the Receiver (internal, external).

´Decoding  is the exact opposite of encoding.

´The Receiver  is the endpoint.

´The final step is ‘Feedback’; this concept was not originally proposed by Shannon and Weaver in 1948.  This concept came as a response to criticism of the linear nature of the approach which was illustrating the fact that the messages are only going one way. 

´Tubb
For several individuals to be defined as a group, they must interact with one another, share different goals or objectives, they also must be socially attracted to each other. The most important is that people must poses a shared identity which distinguishes them from other groups.
 
Groups don’t really appear out of the blue, the development of a group takes time as it goes usually through some stages.

·         Forming is the first stage in this stage usually the group gets together.

·         Storming is the stage when the group becomes more intense than normal due to the tension associated with the competition. 

·         Norming is the stage marked by the moment in which the group implements some rules and standards of behaviours in order to avoid the second stage to repeat.

·         Performing when the group can be considered a team and can perform accordingly. For a group to perform at its highest level of performance, methods, and strategies need to be applied, which will improve group productivity.

One-on-one interactions give people excellent opportunities to practice inter-personal communication and conversing with solely one other person at a time

´SMOG formula: 

·Take the entire text to be assessed.

·Count 10 sentences in a row near the beginning, count 10 somewhere in the middle and after, count other 1o in the end. There should be a total of 30 sentences.

·Count every single word with three or more syllables in each group of sentences (beginning, middle and end). It doesn’t matter if the same word appears more than once. 

·Calculate the square root of the number arrived at in the previous step and round it to the nearest 10.

´Add 3 to the number that result after finishing the previous step and that will be the SMOG number.

SMOG formula:

·         Take the entire text to be assessed.

·         Count 10 sentences in a row near the beginning, count 10 somewhere in the middle and after, count other 1o in the end. There should be a total of 30 sentences.

·         Count every single word with three or more syllables in each group of sentences (beginning, middle and end). It doesn’t matter if the same word appears more than once. 

·         Calculate the square root of the number arrived at in the previous step and round it to the nearest 10.

·         Add 3 to the number that result after finishing the previous step and that will be the SMOG number.

 

Bruner once said that ‘’The most effective way to develop a coding system is to discover it rather than be told by a teacher.’

´A good teacher will design lessons that help students discover the relationship between bits of information. To do this a teacher must give students the information they need, but without organizing it for them’. 

´Bruner.


Vigotski's idea is that development is interrelated to social interaction and that implies that social learning is always ahead of development .
Kurt Lewin says a person is presented as a whole system consisting of subsystems that are somehow separated yet are still capable of interacting and combining with each other.
Wolfgang Kohler states that when a situation is leant, it is useless to lean it in parts as it better to leant it as a whole. 
Advantages:
| ·         It is effective to teach complex behaviours and the best way to perform a task.
·         It is an active  way to learnt and it is described as lifelong learning; it focuses on the individual student and their learning process and progress.
·         The explicit learning of high-level cognitive skills is easily approached and assessed; ·         It leads to death of understanding;
·   Improves learning as   cognitive skills primarily help the process of knowledge acquisition through physical objects and mental symbols representing events or figures.
·         It enhances concentrations and it highlights people's thought processes.
Disadvantages
·         Creates uniform behaviours;

·         This theory requires motivated learners;

·         Requires a specific level of intelligence. 

·         It is extremely time intensive on the part of the teacher. 

It involves very frequent assessment of the student's learning and retention, since new experiences build directly upon previous ones; 
I use this approach in teaching very often as I prefer asking questions to help my leaners refine their thinking and recognize where they may be wrong.