in this season start the activities in the vineyard such as:

- another pruning to guarantee a correct position for growth               -  guarantee a protection of the buds against frost,

-  elimination of pests and parasites or weeds 

-  control of buds growth

Figini Alessandro

Apart from the paragraph that is not complete (there is a question in bold) the rest is good. 7

Pruning is used to ensure the maintenance of the shape and size of the individual vines to facilitate all cultivation operations, choose the best buds in relation to their production capacity, distribute the buds optimally on each vine, obtain vegetation renewal at the desired points, achieving balance between the productive and vegetative phase, of the desired quality and the lignification of the branches.

Winter pruning must be carried out in the period between the fall of the leaves and the beginning of the vegetative restart.

In spring there are several activities to do in the vineyard: 
1)Another pruning to guarentee a correct position for growth, it helps to concentrate the vegetative development on the organs that make up the productive structure of the plant, it conditions the microclimate of the crown in order to favor the ripening of the bunches and to ensure less favorable conditions to the attacks of pathogens. 2)Guarantee a protection of the buds against frost. 3)Elimination of pests and parasites or weeds. 4)Control of buds growth.

Well done Gabriele. Well expressed and only one spelling mistake 8.5

 

the phylloxera of the vine is an insect of American origin that arrived in Europe in the middle of the last century, spreading rapidly in the vineyards.
It spread very quickly, thanks to the favorable climate and territorial conditions.
The problems it created are:
-deformations in root ( nodosities and tuberosities) and fungal infections
- the flow of nutrients and water to the plant is gradually cut off
- Their sucking of fluid from grapevines results in formation of small galls on leaves and nodules on roots, which result in eventual rotting of the plant.
but in particular the problems it brings are concentrated on the leaves and roots:
to the roots: On the roots, phylloxera causes the formation of gnarled galls, even of considerable size. These galls cause the loss of absorbency of nutrients by the plant. In this way, the vine can no longer absorb all the nutrients needed to grow and form bunches

to the leaves:

On the leaves, rounded and wrinkled galls appear, ranging from the upper to the lower page. This creates a gnarled and irregular surface which reduces the photosynthesis capacity of the leaf.
                             the remedy :
  the usual remedy is to graft the European vine in the North American Labrusca vitis which is more resistant.  

Well done Larisa. Only one non correct sentence. 8

Moreover, it has an underground and an above-ground part. The first consists of an underground trunk with the root system. While the second is made up of trunk, sticks and shoots. On the one-year shoots, there are leaves, tendrils, flowers and grapes.

It is composed by the root system, trunk, canes, shoots, buds, leaves, tendrils, grapes and flowers.

Roots are multi-branched structures that grow to depths of the soil and depend on the various, soils and climates.

Trunk is the main steam; it’s permanent and supports the above-ground vegetative and reproductive structure of the vine.

Canes are formed when the shoots mature and become woody. After a year, the leaves fall off. With the winter pruning of the canes, the wine growers manage the size and shape of the vine and therefore control the quality of the harvest in the next season.

Buds develop in the leaf axil ???. Inside it, there are three distinct growing points to produce a shoot, called primary, secondary and tertiary buds. If the primary bud is damaged or freezes, the secondary or tertiary buds  will grow in place of the primary bud. 

Shoots are green stems which develop from buds, and they are the primary growth structure of grapevines. It is composed by stems, leaves, tendrils and fruits. 

The leaves provide nourishment and air for the plant and they convert sunlight into usable energy for the plant. 

Tendrils are a slender structure that grows until the grapevine is ready for harvest.

In conclusion, each bunch can only contain a few flowers when blooming.
 Well done  Sara, simple and easy to understand, fluent language 8.5

The differences between the production of a white or red wine is in the early stages.

In the production of red wine the pressing is made in a "less delicate" way (and the) and in the maceration phase parts such as the skins are left in the must, soo they release tannins that give the typical red color and the "astringent" flavor.

Subsequently there is the fermenting phase that consists in leaving the must in tanks or barrels where the fermentation takes place thanks to yeasts, that sometimes are added from the winemaker. 

In this phase the yeast transform the glucose into alcohol and the temperature increases up to 30 degrees. This phase ends by yeasts’s death caused by the too high alcohol quantity. The wine is then filtered and left to age.

Before bottling it is clarified, so as to make it  clearer and  more palatable. This aspect is then maintained for a long time thanks to stabilization.

Well done Alessandro. You have divided into paragraphs and your explanation is plain . There are some minimal mistakes but, unfortunately, your production is identical to Boniardi's. I'm really sorry but I can't assess them both

Before starting (a) vintage, the best wine growers check the conditions of the vineyard making sure that the plants do not go against diseases that can lead to damage to the grape. They control soil fertility to promote fast and healthy grape growth. when the grapes are ripe and ready to be crushed, the winemakers may decide to pick it up by hand (which gives the possibility of noticing imperfections in the grape), or to do it with machinery, which however not in all vineyards can be used, because most of the vineyards are located in the hills and the machines hardly work on certain slopes. After the harvest the grapes are ready to be crushed and to become must, after which the fermentation processes that will slowly give life to the wine will begin.

Well done 8

The phases of wine making change based on the type of the wine that we want to produce (white, red or rosè)

The differences between the production of a white or red wine is in the early stages.

In the production of red wine the pressing is made in a "less delicate" way and the and in the maceration phase parts such as the skins are left in the must, so they release tannins that give the typical red color and the "astringent" flavor.

Then  there is the fermenting phase that consist in leaving the must in tanks or barrels where the fermentation takes place thanks to yeasts, that sometimes are added from the winemaker. 

In this phase the yeast transform the glucose into alcohol and the temperature increases up to 15 and 30° Degres . This phase ends by yeasts’s death caused by the too high alcohol quantity. The wine is then filtered and left to age.

Before bottling it is clarified, so as to make it  clearer and  more palatable. This aspect is then maintained for a long time thanks to stabilization. The choice depends on the type of wine.

your production and Raio's are identical. I'm really sorry for that. I cannot assess them both

in summer it is necessary to protect the ripe grapes with great care.

In fact, in this season grapes can be attacked by pests and other animals harmful to agriculture.

Remedies must be found to defend against this, these remedies can be chemical or natural, such as pheromone traps or with the introduction of predatory animals.

Also it is necessary to leave the grapes exposed to sunlight.

In autumn (it occurs if) the grapes are ready for harvest.  On important operation is for example the checking the sugar level.

The grapes collected will be used for winemaking and wine production, the remaining vineyards must be prepared for the winter.
Simple and plain to understand, 7.5

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. This disease(s) is caused by many different species of fungi.

Almost no type of plant is immune, however, some are more susceptible than others. Low soil moisture combined with high humidity levels at the plant surface favors this disease.

Powdery mildew is one of the easiest plant’s disease to identify as its symptoms are quite distinctive and easy to spot; those infected plants look as if they have been dusted with flour: white powdery spots appear on the leaves and stems.

Those symptoms usually appear later in the growing season on outdoor plants.

The major remedies are:

1.       Apply Sulphur or Shulphur-based products once  a day, in the morning or in the evening;

2.       Avoid high temperatures, the ideal is to stay between 20 and 25° Celsius.

Well done Irene 8.5