A scientific paradigm, as Kuhn defined it, is a scientific achievement which is recognized universally and provides model problems and solutions for a community of practitioners.

A scientific paradigm could be defined as problems which serve as models to develop theories and studies.

EXAMPLE: God created the universe. 

A scientific paradigm is a framework containing all the commonly accepted views about a subject, conventions about what direction research should take and how it should be performed. Paradigms contain all the distinct, established patterns, theories, common methods and standards that allow us to recognize an experimental result as belonging to a field or not.The set of assumptions on which a paradigm is based are assumed to be true and often they are assumptions that cannot be tested.

The concept of paradigm is closely related to the Platonic and Aristotelian views of knowledge. Aristotle believed that knowledge could only be based upon what is already known, the basis of the scientific method. Plato believed that knowledge should be judged by what something could become, the end result, or final purpose.

For example, in what has been called the Western Science Paradigm, the assumption that God created the universe and that humans are intelligent enough to understand His creation are assumptions that cannot be tested. Although many have tried to prove the existence of God, there will always be an element of faith involved to believe in a supernatural force.  2. In connection with the previous question, what is a paradigm in the field of linguistics? Provide at least an example.

A linguistic paradigm is any kind of rational tabulation of linguistic forms, such as phrases, words, or phonemes, intended to illustrate contrasts and systematic variation (Bird, 1999). A characteristic property of paradigms is that interchanging entire rows or columns does not change the interpretation of the information. We view paradigms as a two dimensional arrangement of elements and attributes, with optional row and column labels. 

In linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure has used paradigm to refer to a class of elements with similarities.
Paradigms have two aspects. Firstly, within normal science, the term refers to the set of exemplary experiments that are likely to be copied or emulated. Secondly, underpinning this set of exemplars are shared preconceptions, made prior to – and conditioning – the collection of evidence. These preconceptions embody both hidden assumptions and elements that he describes as quasi-metaphysical; the interpretations of the paradigm may vary among individual scientists.

A good example of this would be that although each scientist has his own theory about what is the right process for learning a language; one can never prove to one hundred per cent its veracity.

Scientific community is a diverse network of interacting scientists. It includes many "sub-communities" working on particular scientific fields, and within particular institutions; interdisciplinary and cross-institutional activities are also significant.

Science benefits from diverse interests and different points of view. This module explores at the human side of science. With a look at the unique background and motivations of individual scientists, it is clear how personal experience, varied perspectives, creativity, and even chance contribute to progress in science.

The main difference between inductive and deductive approaches to research is that whilst a deductive approach is aimed and testing theory, an inductive approach is concerned with the generation of new theory emerging from the data.

Inductive -> An example of inductive logic is, "The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That coin is a penny. A third coin from the bag is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies."

Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false. Here's an example: "Harold is a grandfather. Harold is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are bald." The conclusion does not follow logically from the statements.

Deductive ->For example, "All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal." For deductive reasoning to be sound, the hypothesis must be correct. It is assumed that the premises, "All men are mortal" and "Harold is a man" are true. Therefore, the conclusion is logical and true. In deductive reasoning, if something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all members of that class.

 

A paradigm is a set of assumptions governing how we interact and interpret the world. Every single human has a personal paradigm which is created by external experiences and influences. 

More concretely, a scientific paradigm is an image of the world and a set of basic beliefs of the scientific community about the real life.

 For example: ‘’Is the Earth rounded?’’ or ‘’Are we the center of the universe?’’.

In the field of linguistics, a paradigm is a set of forms having a common root or stem of which one form must be selected in certain grammatical environments. 

So, paradigmatic relations are the ones in which an element establishes with a set of linguistic elements with similar features.

For instance, in the phrase “Patricia will travel by car” the word car is related with semantic associations referred to means of transport like bus, train, plane, ship… that could replace the word car.

It is a diverse network of interacting scientists. It is usually split into ‘’sub-communities’’, each of them working on a particular scientific field, and within particular institution. The people who are ‘in it’ would be scientists and also journalists who specialize in reporting on the field. But there is no officially structure of what exactly is the scientific community. 

Any scientist who produce studies, invents something, makes something that matters, etc.

In order to achieve research, the scientific community needs to cope with the scientific paradigms. They need to solve them, look for answers..

The inductive method starts with many observations of nature, with the goal of finding a few, powerful statements about now nature works (laws and theories).

The deductive method starts with a few true statements (called axioms) with the goal of providing many true statements (o known as theoremes) that logically follow them

Aida Rubert, Maria Bernal, Gema Fayos

Scientific paradigms workshop
Get in groups of 3 or 4 and try to find information on the net (any source you think is trustworthy) to provide an accurate answer to the following questions:

1. What is a scientific paradigm? Provide an example from any area of science.

In science and philosophy, a paradigm (/ˈpærədaɪm/) is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm 

A paradigm is a different set of concepts or patterns including theories, research methods 

example: The evolution of earth beliefs.Previously, they thought that the sun went around us and later it was proved that the earth was the one which moved around ourselves. 

Also a paradigm is thinking that the earth is the only planet with life. 

2. In connection with the previous question, what is a paradigm in the field of linguistics? Provide at least an example.

A linguistic paradigm is any kind of rational tabulation of linguistic forms, such as phrases, words, or phonemes, intended to illustrate contrasts and systematic variation

It might be set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles.
For example: ‘English determiners form a paradigm: we can say ‘a book’ or ‘his book’ but not ‘a his book’’

3. What is a scientific community? How does it relate (if so) to the notion of scientific paradigm? 

The scientific community is a diverse network of interacting scientists. It includes many "sub-communities" working on particular scientific fields, and within particular institutions; interdisciplinary and cross-institutional activities are also significant. Objectivity is expected to be achieved by the scientific method.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community 

The scientific community makes possible put into the practice the scientific paradigm.

4. In scientific research, there are two main types or procedure: inductive and deductive. Try to find out what the inductive and the deductive method involve. Provide an example of each (not necessarily in the field of linguistics).
Inductive method involves: The inductive method starts with many observations of nature, with the goal of finding a few, powerful statements about how nature works (laws and theories).

Deductive method involves: In the deductive method, logic is the authority. 

http://www.batesville.k12.in.us/physics/PhyNet/AboutScience/Inductive.html 

Example: It's dangerous to drive on icy streets. The streets are icy now, so it would be dangerous to drive or: Cacti are plants and all plants perform photosynthesis; therefore, cacti perform photosynthesis.

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/deductive-reasoning-examples.html 

 Andrea Rodríguez, Alexandra Dragan and Katya Martínez. 

A scientific paradigm, as Kuhn defined it, is a scientific achievement which is recognized universally and provides model problems and solutions for a community of practitioners.

A scientific paradigm could be defined as problems which serve as models to develop theories and studies.

EXAMPLE: God created the universe. 

1. What is a scientific paradigm? Provide an example from any area of science.

We can define a scientific paradigm as the shared assumptions or beliefs between a group of scientists, in this case, about structures,values,problems of a certain discipline. One example of a scientific paradigm would be the belief of the human evolution.

 

2. In connection with the previous question, what is a paradigm in the field of linguistics? Provide at least an example.

As we already defined what a scientific paradigm is we can assume that applying it to the field of linguistics would result in different   beliefs of language research.

The first example of scientific paradigm in the field of linguistics was the comparative historical paradigm.

 

3. What is a scientific community? How does it relate (if so) to the notion of scientific paradigm?

A scientific community is the unity of scientists, together with their interactions and relationships; it is usually divided into sub-communities depending on the different fields of science in which they are working. it is related to the term scientific paradigm because for a scientific paradigm to exist it needs to believed for a certain amount of scientifics.

 

4. In scientific research, there are two main types o procedure: inductive and deductive. Try to find out what the inductive and the deductive method involve. Provide an example of each (not necessarily in the field of linguistics).

The inductive method involves observation of things and then you come with an idea meanwhile the deductive you already have some ideas and you put them in test.

An example of the inductive method could be: This cat is black. That cat is black. A third cat is black. Therefore all cats are black.

An example of deductive method could be: Bachelors are unmarried men. Bill is unmarried. Therefore Bill is a Bachelor.

 Airoa Herrán 
Carolina Ferrandis
María Martinez
Andreea Niculae

In science and philosophy, a paradigm is a set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contribution on a field.  

For example, a black hole can trace everything in its path, or on the other hand, it can eject it on the other side of the galaxy. We can make several theories but we can not show them if they are correct or erroneous. Also called anomalies.

PART 2

A set of forms having a common root of which one form must be selected in certain grammatical environments.

An example is the acquisition of language in childs. We have several theories about this subject, but we don’t know exactly how childs acquire their languages.

PART 3

Scientific community is a group of persons that have studied the same field of science. Or a group of people who has similarities in their scientific fields. 

The scientist investigates his activity in a well-defined area. This concerns the paradigm in its field of knowledge. The paradigm therefore presents a set of defined problems, together with methods that are considered adequate to achieve the established objectives. If the expert blames the paradigm of not having been able to solve a problem, he will be exposed to the same accusations as the carpenter who blames his instruments.

PART 4 

Inductive method: process of using observation to develop general principles about a specific subject. Observation -> Pattern -> Tentative hypothesis -> Theory

Example: The cost of goods was $1.00. The cost of labor to manufacture the time was $.50. The sales price of the item was $5.00; so, the item always provides a good profit.

Deductive method:a method of reasoning by which concrete applications or consequences are deducted from general principles or theorems are deduced from definitions and postulates.

Example: All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a 5, so it must be divisible by 5.

Paloma Ferrandis
Diana Elena Popa

A set of assumptions that cannot be tested. 

A scientific paradigm, as Kuhn defined it, is a scientific achievement which is recognized universally and provides model problems and solutions for a community of practitioners.

A scientific paradigm could be defined as problems which serve as models to develop theories and studies.

EXAMPLE: God created the universe. 

2. In connection with the previous question, what is a paradigm in the field of linguistics? Provide at least an example.

A set of all forms which contain a common element, especially the set of allinflectional forms of a word or a particular grammatical category. The paradigm eat is eat ate eaten.

3. What is a scientific community? How does it relate (if so) to the notion of scientific paradigm?
a network of active scientist that collaborate and cowork between them. It includes subcommunities.

4. In scientific research, there are two main types o procedure: inductive and deductive. Try to find out what the inductive and the deductive method involve. Provide an example of each (not necessarily in the field of linguistics).

inductive reasoning moves from specific instances into a generalized conclusion, while deductive reasoning moves from generalized principles that are known to be true to a true and specific conclusion. 

Deductive example: all men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Socrates is mortal.

Inductive example: All basketball players in your school are tall, so all basketball players must be tall.