This quote stuck out to me because not even half way though the text, we can already see how worshiped and honored she is to that man. It makes me realise that they really praised her.

SOFIA COOK

I like this quote from this passage because the topic of Columbus has been one of the most controversial topics in all history because there are many people trying to put in this part of history into their own perspective because they is into factual evidence that Columbus set foot here in the "new world"

Kessly Pichardo

This quote stood out to me while reading the story because at first the people where at peace even reassuring that they were friends but then proceed to kill each other.

-Yahaira Maldonado

This explanation is beautiful and gives reason to questions people may have had in the past, and somehow also gives a lesson of perseverance through description of the development of the world as we know it.

Posted by Lilliana Boyd

-This quote stood out to me because It reminded me of many times in my life where I would have huge worries about something and then I would constantly remind myself that God or in this case the virgin Mary is protecting me and would want me to let go of my worries If I just understand they are protecting me and to leave all my worries In they're hands. They have never once left my side. I shall not allow my heart to be disturbed.

• Janeth Vargas

Posted by Kelly Krupa

What stood out to me is when the virgin Mary of Guadalupe said this it just shows how worthy she is and it shows how much Juan Diego trusts and admires her. This reminds me of something that i tell myself . i always tell myself that i have nothing to fear because god will answer my prayers and i will leave my worries and stress to him because what he has in store for me will come to the light when it is gods timing. This part of the short article brough me some reassurance.

I chose this quote because it's crazy to think how these people built these dwellings from their bare hands and tools that were all handmade. It's all really interesting and impressive but I can't help to think how lost I would get if I was one of them.

- Jada Nicholson

-Montezuma

Rolonda Poullard

Cayden Munoz

Reese

Men came after the animals and plants. At first there were only a brother and sister until he struck her with a fish and told her to multiply, and so it was. In seven days a child was born to her, and thereafter every seven days another, and they increased very fast until there was danger that the world could not keep them. Then it was made that a woman should have only one child in a year, and it has been so ever since.

Damek

Charles Corfield

~ BENJAMIN HOWE

Pamela Cervantes-Stewart

• I chose this source and specifically this quote because the story of the origins of Virgin de Guadalupe fascinated me. It represents the dawn of Christianity among new natives, and I couldn’t imagine how Juan Diego felt witnessing, and partaking in this story.

  - Jared Stautzenberger

When this had been done, the celebrants began to sing their songs. That is how they celebrated the first day of the fiesta. On the second day they began to sing again, but without warning they were all put to death. The dancers and singers were completely unarmed. They brought only their embroidered cloaks, their turquoises, their lip plugs, their necklaces, their clusters of heron feathers, their trinkets made of deer hooves. Those who played the drums, the old men, had brought their gourds of snuff and their timbrels.”

Matthew Bueno

- Clarissa Aguilar

Gerardo Fernandez

and influence might shield their mestizo children from racial prejudice, and a number of wealthy mestizos married españoles to “whiten” their family lines, but more often mestizos were confined to a middle station in the Spanish New World. Slaves and Indians occupied the lowest rungs of the social ladder.

Peninsulares -Ib. born Spaniards

Espanoles -greats of estates

New world born Spaniards -criollos

Laurena reynero

-Molly Reyes

Emma G

Amethyst Delgado

First encounters between Europeans and Native Americans were dramatic events. In this account we see the assumptions and intentions of Christopher Columbus, as he immediately began assessing the potential of these people to serve European economic interests. He also predicted easy success for missionaries seeking to convert these people to Christianity.

Leah garcia

The Sun had treacherously murdered our people on the twentieth day after the captain left for the coast. We allowed the Captain to return to the city in peace. But on the following day we attacked him with all our might, and that was the beginning of the war."

Alexa Salas

Allison Soto

~ Virginia Calvillo

This quote stood out to me because of the way that it was unreal how the lady made all these things come true to help them believe and to also put her name out there in the world more by having Juan help her make the temples.

Lesly Jaimes

-Mia H

This stood out to me because it reminded me of the awe and amazement that was also found and the curious of exploration as in the animated movie, “The Road to Eldorado.” one of my favorites movies.

I chose this source because they are creating revelation and real life narrative. I found the consumer revolution gripping because it's a real-life narrative of change, like the evolution of characters.

-Jesse Monreal

Camila De La Cruz

-Luis A Barbosa

Then he said to Montezuma: “We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. There is nothing to fear.”

La Malinche translated this speech and the Spaniards grasped Montezuma’s hands and patted his back to show their affection for him….

During this time, the people asked Montezuma how they should celebrate their god’s fiesta. He said: “Dress him in all his finery, in all his sacred ornaments.”

During this same time, The Sun commanded that Montezuma and Itzcohuatzin, the military chief of Tlatelolco, be made prisoners. The Spaniards hanged a chief from Acolhuacan named Nezahualquentzin. They also murdered the king of Nauhtla, Cohualpopocatzin, by wounding him with arrows and then burning him alive.

Ja’Nelly L

-Johnny Salazar

-Montezuma

This quote stood out to me because of the description given. It almost paints the Virgin of Guadalupe as an unhuman entity.

The king Montezuma, who was accompanied by Itzcohuatzin and by those who had brought food for the Spaniards, protested: “Our lords, that is enough! What are you doing? These people are not carrying shields or macanas. Our lords, they are completely unarmed!”

The story of la Malinche."There was a woman called la Malinche. She was a woman from the Aztec community that she was known for contribute with Hernan Cortez with anything with the king Moctezuma and to help him to destroy the Aztec community.

Eribertho M.

war.

Natalia Kerr

Then he said to Montezuma: “We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. There is nothing to fear.”

La Malinche translated this speech and the Spaniards grasped Montezuma’s hands and patted his back to show their affection for him….

During this time, the people asked Montezuma how they should celebrate their god’s fiesta. He said: “Dress him in all his finery, in all his sacred ornaments.”

During this same time, The Sun commanded that Montezuma and Itzcohuatzin, the military chief of Tlatelolco, be made prisoners. The Spaniards hanged a chief from Acolhuacan named Nezahualquentzin. They also murdered the king of Nauhtla, Cohualpopocatzin, by wounding him with arrows and then burning him alive.

For this reason, our warriors were on guard at the Eagle Gate. The sentries from Tenochtitlan stood at one side of the gate, and the sentries from Tlatelolco at the other. But messengers came to tell them to dress the figure of Huitzilopochtli. They left their posts and went to dress him in his sacred finery: his ornaments and his paper clothing.

When this had been done, the celebrants began to sing their songs. That is how they celebrated the first day of the fiesta. On the second day they began to sing again, but without warning they were all put to death.

Nicholas Faxon

And the king said: “Yes, I am Montezuma.” Then he stood up to welcome Cortés; he came forward, bowed his head low and addressed him in these words: “Our lord, you are weary. The journey has tired you, but now you have arrived on the earth. You have come to your city, Mexico. You have come here to sit on your throne, to sit under its canopy.

“The kings who have gone before, your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming. The kings Itzcoatl, Montezuma the Elder, Axayacatl, Tizoc and Ahuitzol ruled for you in the City of Mexico. The people were protected by their swords and sheltered by their shields.

Vanness Rijn Lasala

Karla Carcamo Duarte

Lily Aguillon

“The earth is a great island floating in a sea of water, and suspended at each of the four cardinal points by a cord hanging down from the sky vault, which is of solid rock. When the world grows old and worn out, the people will die and the cords will break and let the earth sink down into the ocean, and all will be water again. The Indians are afraid of this”

Arianna Gonzalez

Brianna Clifton

Soledad Natividad

Ezmarie Cavazos

Cuauhtlatoatzin was one of the first Aztec men to convert to Christianity after the Spanish invasion. Renamed as Juan Diego, he soon thereafter reported an appearance of the Virgin Mary called the Virgin of Guadalupe. This apparition became an important symbol for a new native Christianity. These excerpts are translated from an account first published in Nahuatl by Luis Lasso de la Vega in 1649

Nadia Sanchez

Celina Pesina

No, it is not a dream. I am not walking in my sleep. I am not seeing you in my dreams…. I have seen you at last! I have met you face to face! I was in agony for five days, for ten days, with my eyes fixed on the Region of the Mystery. And now you have come out of the clouds and mists to sit on your throne again.

This was foretold by the kings who governed your city, and now it has taken place. You have come back to us; you have come down from the sky. Rest now, and take possession of your royal houses. Welcome to your land, my lords!”

-Raven T Rodriguez

Johan Garcia

ryan ramos

Ricky Brand

Alfred Ceja Quiroz

Sunday, November 4"

Gabriella Loyola

Cielo Salas

When he was 50 years old, he and his wife were among the first indigenous people to accept baptism and convert to Christianity after its introduction to Mexico by Spanish conquistadors and missionaries. According to tradition, Juan Diego experienced his first vision of the Virgin Mary on December 9, 1531.

Ashley Arriola

When Juan Diego heard these words from the Lady from heaven, he was greatly consoled. He was happy. He begged to be excused to be off to see the bishop, to take him the sign or proof, so that he might be believed. The Lady from heaven ordered to climb to the top of the hill, where they previously met. She told him: “Climb, my son the least, to the top of the hill; there where you saw me and I gave you orders, you will find different flowers. Cut them, gather them, assemble them, then come and bring them before my presence.”

~Elisa Tinagero

La Malinche translated this speech and the Spaniards grasped Montezuma’s hands and patted his back to show their affection for him….

....During this same time, The Sun commanded that Montezuma and Itzcohuatzin, the military chief of Tlatelolco, be made prisoners. The Spaniards hanged a chief from Acolhuacan named Nezahualquentzin. They also murdered the king of Nauhtla, Cohualpopocatzin, by wounding him with arrows and then burning him alive.

Ryan Deleon

Erica Gutierrez

When the earth was dry and the animals came down, it was still dark, so they got the sun and set it in a track to go every day across the island from east to west, just overhead. It was too hot this way, and Tsiska’gïlï’, the Red Crawfish, had his shell scorched a bright red, so that his meat was spoiled; and the Cherokee do not eat it. The conjurers put the sun another hand-breadth higher in the air, but it was still too hot. They raised it another time, and another, until it was seven handbreadths high and just under the sky arch. Then it was right, and they left it so. This is why the conjurers call the highest place Gûlkwâ’gine Di’gälûñ’lätiyûñ’, “the seventh height,” because it is seven hand-breadths above the earth. Every day the sun goes along under this arch, and returns at night on the upper side to the starting place.

There is another world under this, and it is like ours in everything–animals, plants, and people–save that the seasons are different. The streams that come down from the mountains are the trails by which we reach this underworld, and the springs at their heads are the doorways by which we enter, it, but to do this one must fast and, go to water and have one of the underground people for a guide. We know that the seasons in the underworld are different from ours, because the water in the springs is always warmer in winter and cooler in summer than the outer air.

When the animals and plants were first made–we do not know by whom–they were told to watch and keep awake for seven nights, just as young men now fast and keep awake when they pray to their medicine. They tried to do this, and nearly all were awake through the first night, but the next night several dropped off to sleep, and the third night others were asleep, and then others, until, on the seventh night, of all the animals only the owl, the panther, and one or two more were still awake. To these were given the power to see and to go about in the dark, and to make prey of the birds and animals which must sleep at night. Of the trees only the cedar, the pine, the spruce, the holly, and the laurel were awake to the end, and to them it was given to be always green and to be greatest for medicine, but to the others it was said: “Because you have not endured to the end you shall lose your, hair every winter.”

Men came after the animals and plants. At first there were only a brother and sister until he struck her with a fish and told her to multiply, and so it was. In seven days a child was born to her, and thereafter every seven days another, and they increased very fast until there was danger that the world could not keep them. Then it was made that a woman should have only one child in a year, and it has been so ever since."

Jewel Shed

Mariela cantu

_Britney Fransella

Carrina Pillado

Today we have gathered and we see that the cycles of life continue. We have been given the duty to live in balance and harmony with each other and all living things. So now, we bring our minds together as one as we give greetings and thanks to each other as people.

I enjoyed the ENTIRE thing but didn't want to copy an entire page on here but the reason this stood section over the others was because it gave me a different view on thanksgiving. I've never truly sat down and thought about the different things that are naturally provided to us. This section opened me up a little bit so I could really see how fortunate and blessed we are to have what we have.

-Dominick Sanchez

Karmen S.

“Our lord, you are weary. The journey has tired you, but now you have arrived on the earth. You have come to your city, Mexico. You have come here to sit on your throne, to sit under its canopy.".....

“The kings who have gone before, your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming."....

"And now you have come out of the clouds and mists to sit on your throne again.

This was foretold by the kings who governed your city, and now it has taken place. You have come back to us; you have come down from the sky. Rest now, and take possession of your royal houses. Welcome to your land, my lords!”.....

The unexpected turning of the Spanish on the people of Tenochtitlan

"They left their posts and went to dress him in his sacred finery: his ornaments and his paper clothing.

When this had been done, the celebrants began to sing their songs. That is how they celebrated the first day of the fiesta. On the second day they began to sing again, but without warning they were all put to death. The dancers and singers were completely unarmed".....

"The Sun had treacherously murdered our people on the twentieth day after the captain left for the coast. We allowed the Captain to return to the city in peace. But on the following day we attacked him with all our might, and that was the beginning of the war."

Gabriella C.

“I wish that a temple be erected here quickly, so I may therein exhibit and give all my love, compassion, help, and protection, because I am your merciful mother, to you, and to all the inhabitants on this land and all the rest who love me, invoke and confide in me; listen there to their lamentations, and remedy all their miseries, afflictions and sorrows…."

• Morgan Mason

-Julia Gerben

Savannah Rutherford

As to the firm land, we are certainly satisfied, and assured, that the Spaniards by their barbarous and execrable Actions have absolutely depopulated Ten Kingdoms, of greater extent than all Spain, together with the Kingdoms of Aragon and Portugal, that is to say, above One Thousand Miles, which now lye waste and desolate, and are absolutely ruined, when as formerly no other Country whatsoever was more populous".

Osha Reed

Yrume Fernandez

This was foretold by the kings who governed your city, and now it has taken place. You have come back to us; you have come down from the sky. Rest now, and take possession of your royal houses. Welcome to your land, my lords!”"

♥ Karyssa Hernandez ♥

Shirley Constans

This quote is fascinating because it gives a mythological touch to the geography of the Cherokee land, describing its features. The imagination of the Great Buzzard flying back from the mountains with his wings carving out valleys where there was none to the effort, he was applying to find a place to light gives an aspect of mystery and marvel (Native American Creation Stories). It demonstrates the Cherokee people's beauty, commitment to their territory, and reliance on nature and animals. The quote presents a sensational and creative way of looking at how landscapes are created.

Jane Almario🩶

Dagoberto Lastra

In his travels through North America, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca recounted a miraculous that left an impact on the Indigenous people he encountered. This occurrence spread rapidly leading to widespread reverence for him and his companions. This shows the deep cultural exchanges and mutual respect that can arise from unexpected moments of compassion and healing

David Moreno

Juleisha Ortiz Perez

K Lee Mercado

In summary, these early encounters initiated complex interactions causing long-lasting impacts on the indigenous Americas. These events set a precedent for the subsequent colonization and transformation of the Americas, affecting the lives and cultures of the Native American peoples.

Dalis Rodriguez

Katherine Foltz

Cassandra Cardenas

"…These people are very simple as regards the u.se of arms, as your Highnesses will .sec from the seven that I caused to be taken, to bring home and learn our language and return; unless your Highnesses should order them all to be brought to Castile, or to be kept as captives on the same island; for with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them…"

Hannah Rose

Jack Frazier

Then he said to Montezuma: “We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. There is nothing to fear.”

Abigail Martinez

The last paragraph of this passage is so telling and difficult to read, but also interesting. The Aztecs fought against more than just man, but also smallpox and the sun was not forgiving either.

-Nicole Flores-

Amy Schoenfeldt

Kathya Orozco

"When the world was finished, there were as yet no people, but the Bald Eagle was the chief of the animals. He saw the world was incomplete and decided to make some human beings. So he took some clay and modeled the figure of a man and laid him on the ground. At first he was very small but grew rapidly until he reached normal size. But as yet he had no life; he was still asleep."

Reflection: This passage from the Salinan Indian creation story stood out to me because it highlights the intimate relationship between nature and humanity in Native American mythology. The Bald Eagle, a symbol of power and vision, plays a crucial role in creating humans, emphasizing the interconnectedness of all living things. The use of clay signifies humanity's deep connection to the earth, while the gradual growth of the man symbolizes the unfolding of life and consciousness.

Question: How does the concept of creation in Native American stories influence their cultural practices and worldviews compared to other creation myths from around the world?

Minani Rebecca

Marissa Martinez

-Daniel De Leon II

William Paipa

Christopher Alvarez

Melissa Rendon

Ramon Gutierrez

-Luis Avellaneda

This quote shows the willingness to give and the eagerness of the Europeans to take.

Summer Sharma

Carmen Villarreal

Daniel Resendez

Naseem Deais

Asa kelley

Jessica Garza

Jasmine Pardo

Paul Gaddis

Then he said to Montezuma: “We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. There is nothing to fear.”

La Malinche translated this speech and the Spaniards grasped Montezuma’s hands and patted his back to show their affection for him….

During this time, the people asked Montezuma how they should celebrate their god’s fiesta. He said: “Dress him in all his finery, in all his sacred ornaments.”

Jonathon McKinney

Depending on the era, we all were immigrants. It’s evident that our hyper-fit adaptation propagates to this day where directed. Curiously, the common sociological threads of mother birth chaos and father authority order reads between the lines of even our more entrenched Americans natives. The Salinan may not be too far from natures truths when the authority Eagle forms structures that are inherently chaos for creative birth.

In the Salinan creation story, the woman created by the great eagle is referenced in an all too satirical and yet truth manner.

“Pretty well, but it nearly kills a man!” replied Coyote. “Will you try it again?” said the Bald Eagle. Coyote agreed, and tried again, and this time survived. Then the Bald Eagle turned to the man and said, “She is all right now; you and she are to live together.”

& so the reader is left but to ponder the severity of contrast as a lesson to the survival of himself.

Dorian Degage

Alysha Corkran

“I wish that a temple be erected here quickly, so I may therein exhibit and give all my love, compassion, help, and protection, because I am your merciful mother, to you, and to all the inhabitants on this land and all the rest who love me, invoke and confide in me; listen there to their lamentations, and remedy all their miseries, afflictions and sorrows….

Then he descended to go to comply with the errand, and went by the avenue which runs directly into Mexico City."

Ricardo Arumugam

Amanda Esparza

Aracelli Herrera

John Trevino

Jose saenz

Kristian Rayos

-Ali Rodriguez

Jesse Rubio

-Krystal Rodriguez

Alexandra Ortiz

"Cross, cross," and there is no cross!” Elianna

Anna Shoemaker

Angelina Jimenez

I totally agree with this one. Being that a lot of churches are always in favor of asking for "donations" for the church, passing around donation baskets, I feel this rule just makes more sense for a person that truly devotes themselves to a higher power. Money can not buy "righteousness" in my opinion. Being true to your religion thru your actions and lifestyle is more important than money in my opinion.

Being a Christian myself, it is always best to share the Gospel from a humble heart and never with force. If a person is forced to believe something, how much will they actually believe it or want to believe it? We are called to share the Gospel with gentleness and respect.

• Annalise LaBreck

°Selene Mena°

-Janeth Vargas

He then heard a voice from above the mount saying to him: “Juanito, Juan Dieguito.” Then he ventured and went to where he was called. He was not frightened in the least; on the contrary, overjoyed. 

Then he climbed the hill, to see from were he was being called. When he reached the summit, he saw a Lady, who was standing there and told him to come hither. Approaching her presence, he marveled greatly at her superhuman grandeur; her garments were shining like the sun; the cliff where she rested her feet, pierced with glitter, resembling an anklet of precious stones, and the earth sparkled like the rainbow. The mezquites, nopales, and other different weeds, which grow there, appeared like emeralds, their foliage like turquoise, and their branches and thorns glistened like gold. He bowed before her and heard her word, tender and courteous, like someone who charms and esteems you highly.

-Jacob Cisneros history 1301

-Posted by Ahmed Al-Mufti

She then spoke to him: “Know and understand well, you the most humble of my son, that I am the ever virgin Holy Mary, Mother of the True God for whom we live, of the Creator of all things, Lord of heaven and the earth.

(from the Story of The Virgin of Guadalupe)

Juanito started the overemphasis on Mary. Instead of focusing on the love that Jesus had to redeem us from eternal condemnation. The focus is put on getting grace from the mother of Jesus who is a woman and a mortal like you and I. Mary is an important figure, but Jesus is the savior.

-Isabela Rizo

-Kailye Wood

-Crystal Langley

- Brandon Ruiz

LaToya Chance

-Danielle Bendele

Gricelda Aguilar

-Cyerra Blinkhorn

- Cortez

-Lauren Gonzales

- Jonathan Bates

Astrid Gomez.

-Mareli Vega

- Hernán Cortés

Avery Torres

Sabian Sanchez

Janiece Canales

La Malinche

Destiny Houston

David Ray Tanguma

-Vicente Benavidez

-Alvar Nuñez

Dylan sanchez

Leonel Guerra

- Jade Gallegos

-Juan Diego

-Alejandro Puccio

La Malinche translated this speech and the Spaniards grasped Montezuma’s hands and patted his back to show their affection for him….

During this time, the people asked Montezuma how they should celebrate their god’s fiesta. He said: “Dress him in all his finery, in all his sacred ornaments.”

- Steven Valdez

This was foretold by the kings for governed your city, and now it has taken place. You have come back to us; you have come down from the sky. Rest now, and take possession of your royal houses. Welcome to your land, my lords!'

Soon after Cortés returned they held a festival, unfortunately Spaniard soldiers would attack the festival and go against their word.

• Abel Jimenez

The king Montezuma, who was accompanied by Itzcohuatzin and by those who had brought food for the Spaniards, protested: “Our lords, that is enough! What are you doing? These people are not carrying shields or macanas. Our lords, they are completely unarmed!”

-Berverly Cruz

The Spaniards attacked the musicians first, slashing at their hands and faces until they had killed all of them."

Conclusion: Cortes and his crew were the original Lannister's. I cannot be convinced otherwise after this.

Abigail Mendoza

Ilsa Jespersen

Isidra Hernandez

Really just have her to the Coyote not Once but Twice! And then give her back.

- Joe Cyprian

Jonathan Torres

Jacob Salinas

Madison Paredez

-Brittany Eckdahl

Robert Sierra

- Benjamin Oquendo.

This quote is powerful because it reassures Juan Diego of the Virgin Mary's protection and care. It shows her comforting presence and promise of help. -Bryan Jimenez

- Juan Herrera

-Kathryn Hudspeth

"We have come to your house in Mexico friends. There is nothing to fear." 😈

- La Malinche

Hailey Best

Carter Mullins

Then he said to Montezuma: “We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. There is nothing to fear.”

• Jaelynne Mendiola

-Jacqueline Leon

Deslyn Gonzales

Gabriel Chavez

Arish Methani

Jonathan Coutee

-Ixchel Arce R.

For this reason, our warriors were on guard at the Eagle Gate. The sentries from Tenochtitlan stood at one side of the gate, and the sentries from Tlatelolco at the other. But messengers came to tell them to dress the figure of Huitzilopochtli. They left their posts and went to dress him in his sacred finery: his ornaments and his paper clothing.

-Isabella Ortiz

-Sophia Maldonado

-Yalen Rodriguez

-Dylan Burditt

jadelin castillo

-Saul Medrano

Then he said to Montezuma: “We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. There is nothing to fear.” (…)

The Spaniards attacked the musicians first, slashing at their hands and faces until they had killed all of them. The singers-and even the spectators- were also killed. This slaughter in the Sacred Patio went on for three hours. Then the Spaniards burst into the rooms of the temple to kill the others: those who were carrying water, or bringing fodder for the horses, or grinding meal, or sweeping, or standing watch over this work.

-Jennifer McElroy

“their infants are born with hair on their heads, and are of a complexion white as our nation; but their mothers in their infancy make a bath of walnut leaves, husks of walnuts, and such things as will stain their skin forever, wherein they dip and wash them to make them tawny…”

Zoie Roell

Elijah Lopez ✝️

-Joe. R

Cuauhtlatoatzin was one of the first Aztec men to convert to Christianity after the Spanish invasion. Renamed as Juan Diego, he soon thereafter reported an appearance of the Virgin Mary called the Virgin of Guadalupe. This apparition became an important symbol for a new native Christianity. These excerpts are translated from an account first published in Nahuatl by Luis Lasso de la Vega in 1649. 

-Andrea

…He immediately went down the hill and brought the different roses which he had cut to the Lady from heaven, who, as she saw them, took them with her hand and again placed them back in the tilma, saying: “My son, this diversity of roses is the proof and the sign which you will take to the bishop. You will tell him in my name that he will see in them my wish and that he will have to comply to it. You are my ambassador, most worthy of all confidence…”

… the bishop realized that Juan Diego was carrying the proof, to confirm what the Indian requested.

Angel Anzaldua

Sandra V.

James F.

Tien D.

Anh L.

Clinton F.

Then he said to Montezuma: “We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. There is nothing to fear.”

- Orlando Salazar

-Ramiro Rodriguez

They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians, as it appeared to me that they had no religion, our Lord being pleased, will take hence, at the time of my departure, six natives for your Highnesses that they may learn to speak. I saw no beast of any kind except parrots, on this island.” The above is in the words of the admiral…

Essossolim AWI AGOBAYAM

Maria D. R.

Tristen Solorio

The image is a pictograph which could be read and understood by the Aztec Indians".

-Sarah Gaitan

Bartolomé de Las Casas, a Spanish Dominican priest, wrote directly to the King of Spain hoping for new laws to prevent the brutal exploitation of Native Americans.

-Abigail Noyes

-Jaclyn Gilmer

This stood out to me because even though Bartolomé de Las Casas wanted to protect Native Americans, his writings were used by other Europeans to justify taking land for themselves. It shows how good intentions didn't stop conquering. This made me realize that Europeans cared more about control and power than about helping Indigenous people

Savanah Rodriguez

We immediately see the plotting of assumptions and intentions of Christopher Columbus, he was unbelievably quick to begin assessing the potential of these people to serve European economic interests. He also predicted easy manipulation of converting these people.

Celeste Maldonado

-Kainan White

Jasmine Velazquez

Elyse Hill

Elyse Hill

These two Native American creation stories are among thousands of accounts for the origins of the world. The Salinian and Cherokee, from what we now call California and the American southeast respectively, both exhibit the common Native American tendency to locate spiritual power in the natural world. For both Native Americans and Europeans, the collision of two continents challenged old ideas and created new ones as well.

Salinan Indian Creation Story

When the world was finished, there were as yet no people, but the Bald Eagle was the chief of the animals. He saw the world was incomplete and decided to make some human beings. So he took some clay and modeled the figure of a man and laid him on the ground. At first he was very small but grew rapidly until he reached normal size. But as yet he had no life; he was still asleep. Then the Bald Eagle stood and admired his work. “It is impossible,” said he, “that he should be left alone; he must have a mate.” So he pulled out a feather and laid it beside the sleeping man. Then he left them and went off a short distance, for he knew that a woman was being formed from the feather. But the man was still asleep and did not know what was happening. When the Bald Eagle decided that the woman was about completed, he returned, awoke the man by flapping his wings over him and flew away.

The man opened his eyes and stared at the woman. “What does this mean?” he asked. “I thought I was alone!” Then the Bald Eagle returned and said with a smile, “I see you have a mate! Have you had intercourse with her?” “No,” replied the man, for he and the woman knew nothing about each other. Then the Bald Eagle called to Coyote who happened to be going by and said to him, “Do you see that woman?” Try her first!” Coyote was quite willing and complied, but immediately afterwards lay down and died. The Bald Eagle went away and left Coyote dead, but presently returned and revived him. “How did it work?” said the Bald Eagle. “Pretty well, but it nearly kills a man!” replied Coyote. “Will you try it again?” said the Bald Eagle. Coyote agreed, and tried again, and this time survived. Then the Bald Eagle turned to the man and said, “She is all right now; you and she are to live together.”

John Alden Mason, The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians (Berkeley: 1912), 191-192.

Cherokee creation story

The earth is a great island floating in a sea of water, and suspended at each of the four cardinal points by a cord hanging down from the sky vault, which is of solid rock. When the world grows old and worn out, the people will die and the cords will break and let the earth sink down into the ocean, and all will be water again. The Indians are afraid of this.

When all was water, the animals were above in Gälûñ’lätï, beyond the arch; but it was very much crowded, and they were wanting more room. They wondered what was below the water, and at last Dâyuni’sï, “Beaver’s Grandchild,” the little Water-beetle, offered to go and see if it could learn. It darted in every direction over the surface of the water, but could find no firm place to rest. Then it dived to the bottom and came up with some soft mud, which began to grow and spread on every side until it became the island which we call the earth. It was afterward fastened to the sky with four cords, but no one remembers who did this.

At first the earth was flat and very soft and wet. The animals were anxious to get down, and sent out different birds to see if it was yet dry, but they found no place to alight and came back again to Gälûñ’lätï. At last it seemed to be time, and they sent out the Buzzard and told him to go and make ready for them. This was the Great Buzzard, the father of all the buzzards we see now. He flew all over the earth, low down near the ground, and it was still soft. When he reached the Cherokee country, he was very tired, and his wings began to flap and strike the ground, and wherever they struck the earth there was a valley, and where they turned up again there was a mountain. When the animals above saw this, they were afraid that the whole world would be mountains, so they called him back, but the Cherokee country remains full of mountains to this day.

When the earth was dry and the animals came down, it was still dark, so they got the sun and set it in a track to go every day across the island from east to west, just overhead. It was too hot this way, and Tsiska’gïlï’, the Red Crawfish, had his shell scorched a bright red, so that his meat was spoiled; and the Cherokee do not eat it. The conjurers put the sun another hand-breadth higher in the air, but it was still too hot. They raised it another time, and another, until it was seven handbreadths high and just under the sky arch. Then it was right, and they left it so. This is why the conjurers call the highest place Gûlkwâ’gine Di’gälûñ’lätiyûñ’, “the seventh height,” because it is seven hand-breadths above the earth. Every day the sun goes along under this arch, and returns at night on the upper side to the starting place.

There is another world under this, and it is like ours in everything–animals, plants, and people–save that the seasons are different. The streams that come down from the mountains are the trails by which we reach this underworld, and the springs at their heads are the doorways by which we enter, it, but to do this one must fast and, go to water and have one of the underground people for a guide. We know that the seasons in the underworld are different from ours, because the water in the springs is always warmer in winter and cooler in summer than the outer air.

When the animals and plants were first made–we do not know by whom–they were told to watch and keep awake for seven nights, just as young men now fast and keep awake when they pray to their medicine. They tried to do this, and nearly all were awake through the first night, but the next night several dropped off to sleep, and the third night others were asleep, and then others, until, on the seventh night, of all the animals only the owl, the panther, and one or two more were still awake. To these were given the power to see and to go about in the dark, and to make prey of the birds and animals which must sleep at night. Of the trees only the cedar, the pine, the spruce, the holly, and the laurel were awake to the end, and to them it was given to be always green and to be greatest for medicine, but to the others it was said: “Because you have not endured to the end you shall lose your, hair every winter.”

Men came after the animals and plants. At first there were only a brother and sister until he struck her with a fish and told her to multiply, and so it was. In seven days a child was born to her, and thereafter every seven days another, and they increased very fast until there was danger that the world could not keep them. Then it was made that a woman should have only one child in a year, and it has been so ever since.

W. Powell, Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1897-1898, Part I (Washington: 1900), 239-240.

*Posted by Adrienne McDonald

Evelyn Iniguez

…He immediately went down the hill and brought the different roses which he had cut to the Lady from heaven, who, as she saw them, took them with her hand and again placed them back in the tilma, saying: 'My son, this diversity of roses is the proof and the sign which you will take to the bishop. You will tell him in my name that he will see in them my wish and that he will have to comply to it. You are my ambassador, most worthy of all confidence…'"

Samuel Burek

Matthew Stovall

-Shakia Williams

Brianna Julian

Samantha Tidwell

“recommending them to God, Our Lord, and we all prayed to Him as well as we could to restore them to health. And He, seeing there was no other way of getting those people to help us so that we might be saved from our miserable existence, had mercy upon us, and in the morning all woke up well and hearty and went away in such good health as if they never had had any ailment whatever.”

• Thomas Morton

Thomas Morton stated that the indigious people were working with the devil. Ironically everything he said about them showed that they had immense hospitality towards guests.

- Amari Paulk (HIST 1301 - 174)

-Jessalyn Guzman

- Amy Benitez

- Rayelynn Weed

“This city is as large as Seville or Cordoba with many plazas, temples, and markets.”

-Hernán Cortés, Letter to Charles V

Austin Williams

…These people are very simple as regards the u.se of arms, as your Highnesses will .sec from the seven that I caused to be taken, to bring home and learn our language and return; unless your Highnesses should order them all to be brought to Castile, or to be kept as captives on the same island; for with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them…

-Miranda L

- Rilei Mendoza

Ryan Bello-Sergio

-Gabriel Martinez

-Kaytie Torres

They neither carry nor know anything of arms, for I showed them swords, and they took them by the blade and cut themselves through ignorance. They have no iron, their darts being wands without iron, some of them having a fish’s tooth at the end, and others being pointed in various ways. They are all of fair stature and size, with good laces, and well made.

-Rene Hernandez

• Keagan Leanhart

Major T.

-Ashante Mabins

-Nahuatl by Luis Lasso de la Vega

Aaron R

“This was the Great Buzzard, the father of all the buzzards we see now. He flew all over the earth, low down near the ground, and it was still soft. When he reached the Cherokee country, he was very tired, and his wings began to flap and strike the ground, and wherever they struck the earth there was a valley, and where they turned up again there was a mountain. When the animals above saw this, they were afraid that the whole world would be mountains, so they called him back, but the Cherokee country remains full of mountains to this day.” - Cherokee creation story

These quotes highlight how animals were seen as these sacred creatures who created life and the land.

lenges, including deforestation and overirrigation, which ultimately

caused the community to collapse and its people to disperse to smaller

settlements”

-Jordan Estevez