Al-Haytham (945-1040 CE) was one of the 1st theoretical physicists

He advanced the knowledge of optics, astronomy, and mathematics, and also invented the first Muslim camera

Al-Khwarizmi (780-850 CE) was a well-known mathematician who used a method of math-solving called "al-jabr", the word that algebra originates from

He was famous for solving algebraic equations, one of the few in his times

Al-Kindi (801-873 CE) was an Arabian philosopher who studied Greek philosophers

He was the called the "Father of Arabian Philosophy", and studied also mathematics, music, and medicine

Al-Nafis (1213-1288 CE) was well-known for his understanding of the pulmonary circulation system.

He was known to be the one who found out and explained of how the blood flows from the right side of the heart, then to the lungs for oxygen, then to the left side of the heart for circulation throughout the body

Al-Razi (854-925 CE) was a famous doctor during the middle ages

His medical observations were later used as textbooks in western medical schools

Islam is a religion founded in the early

7th century by Prophet Muhammad

Muslim is a term given to those of Islamic faith

Muslims have a holy book called the Qur'an, which they believe Muhammad received from the angel Gabriel

Believers follow a creed called the 5 pillars of Islam, which is faith, prayer. giving, fast, and pilgrimage

The Hadith are the teachings and words of Prophet Muhammad that aren't in the Qur'an

Mosques are places of worship for Muslims, like temples

The 2 sects of the Islamic faith, like Christianity's many divisions, consists of two, Sunni and Shia, Sunni being the 75% of Muslims in the Islamic faith

The Qur'an consists of some stories of the Old Testament in the Christian Bible, like Abraham, Moses, and so on

To live in Saudi Arabia, you must be Muslim, or risk prosecution, or even deportation

The word "Islam" means "submission" in English

Islamic art is distinctive because it used patterns and intricate designs

This design was in the purpose that art couldn't be idolized

One common common method of art was Arabesque, patterns of leaves and flowers

Another form of art style was calligraphy and tessellation, geometric shapes

Common art medians included ceramics, carpets, carvings, and paintings

Ceramics were pottery that used different glazing for different styles of art

{tactical everyday use art were carpets, which were hung on walls, used as prayer mats, used on floors, and so on

Carvings were usually made from wood, but also with ivory, stone, and plaster for religious buildings, special occasions, and so on

Paintings, also known as miniature paintings, depicted scenes with people and animals

Calligraphy was decorative handwriting that usually had a verse of the Qur'an on it or were used for religious buildings

Mecca was an important city in Islamic religion, as Prophet Muhammad was born here

Medina is often called and believed to be the second holiest city, as Muhammad tomb is there

Damascus was the first major Byzantine city conquered by the Arabians, and for more than a hundred years, it was the Islamic Empire's political center

Baghdad was made the Islamic empire's capital in 762 CE, and was the political center for Islamic Empire for the next 500 years

Cairo became the new political capital of the Islamic Empire when the Mongolians overthrew Baghdad

Constantinople became a major trade center after the Ottoman Empire conquered Cairo

Cordoba was sometimes a capital and usually a major city of the Islamic Empire in Spain, under the Umayyad Caliphate

Only Muslims are allowed into Mecca and the rest are deported

Medina is also called "The City of the Prophet"

Cordoba was the most developed European country at its peak