Latitude – parallel lines around the earth

Longitude – lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

*domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use

specialization – the development of different kinds of jobs

civilization – complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system

*irrigation -  method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

city-state - independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages

Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family

Pyramid – a tomb built for Egyptian pharaohs

Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips

Polytheistic- Belie

Judaism – monotheistic religion of the Jews 

Moses – a prophet of God who was given the Ten Commandments

Abraham – founder of Judaism

Ten Commandments – laws given to Moses by God; part of the Torah

Buddhism – religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth was to give up all desires

Nirvana – in Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle of rebirth

Indus River Valley – river valley that supported Ancient India

Polytheism – belief in many gods and goddesses

Polis - in Greece, a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own country

Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

Clergy-religious officials, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services

Gospel-(“good news”) one of the four accounts of Jesus’ life, teachings, and resurrection

Pope-the bishop of Rome, later the head of the Roman Catholic Church

Monastery-religious community where monks live and work

Social class – group of people who share a similar position in society

Confucianism – system of beliefs introduced by the Chinese thinker Confucius; taught that people needed to have a sense of duty to their family and community in order to bring peace to society

Daoism – Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns

Leagalism-society needs a system of harsh laws and punishments, Strong rulers, founded by Hanfeizi