https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu en-us 2021-06-08 13:20:55 UTC 2021-06-08 22:01:49 UTC hello@padlet.com nathandong1 https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1592822359 What was Plessy?:
-Plessy v. Ferguson, an earlier Supreme Court case from 1896, decided that black and white schools were suppose to be "separate but equal."
-But usually, it the schools were not the same. Southern black schools lacked basic necessities from white schools like cafeterias, libraries, gyms, running water and electricity.
NAACP?:
-The National Association for The Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was an organization found in 1909
-During its first 20 years, it tried to protect African Americans from lynching and other racist actions via the persuasion of Congress and other legislative bodies
-Then in the beginning of the 1930s, the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund began to turn to courts to make progress in overcoming legally sanctioned discrimination 
1930's:
-And from 1935 to 1937, the legal team devised a strategy to attack Jim Crow laws by striking them where they were weakest - the field of the education
-They argued for cases of Sweat v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma Board of Regents of Higher Education
Status Of Schools 1950's:
-Schools during the early 1950's were racially segregation in public schools and was the norm across America
-Even though schools in the given district were suppose to be equal, most black schools were not equal to white schools
Linda Brown:
-Was a black third-grader during this time
-She had to walk a mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school, even though there was a white one that was only seven blocks away 
-Oliver Brown, her father, tried to enroll her into the white elementary school but the principal of the school refused. Brown then went to McKinley Burnett, the head of Topeka's branch of the NAACP]]> 2021-06-08 13:21:55 UTC https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1592822359 nathandong1 https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1594013215 How Many Cases?:
-Started as 5 cases in total
-Lawsuits filed from Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and the District of Columbia
How Were Plaintiffs Treated?:
-After the lawsuits were filed, a number of the plaintiffs and their family members were treated horribly
-With some losing their job, a house and a church of one being burnt, gun shots fire at one, and death threats
Ruling:
-One of the judges did agree with the plaintiffs argument that the children shouldn't be separated because it gives a sense of inferiority to the black children
-But at the end, the court felt "compelled" to rule in favor of the Board of Education because of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that supported separated but equal school systems 
-With all 5 of the cases ending in defeat]]> 2021-06-08 20:48:11 UTC https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1594013215 nathandong1 https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1594054780 Thurgood Marshall:
-Thurgood argued the case for the plaintiffs, being the great-grandson of a slave and attended Howard Law School
-In this case, he argued that segregation was emotionally damaging. Citing several psychological studies including one that found back children preferred white to brown-colored dolls
Support Of US Government?:
-The U.S government largely backed up Marshall's position on the case
-Even with the U.S Department of Justice, which does not usually takes a position in Supreme Court cases that do not involve federal kind, made a expectation for Brown v. Board
-The department filed a friend-of-the-court brief that maintained "separate but equal" schools were unconstitutional
BOE Argument:
No idea what this means]]> 2021-06-08 21:16:11 UTC https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1594054780 nathandong1 https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1594078317 Decision (plus quotes):
-It was a unanimous decision on Brown v. Board of Education
-With the Supreme Court Chief Justice, Earl Warren, telling his fellow justices that the "separate but equal doctrine" should be overturned.
-Saying that "To separate [black children] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority" and "may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone."
Two Rulings:
-The first ruling had the "separate but equal" doctrine is overturned 
-And the second part called the further court discussion on how the schools should integrated with another unanimous ruling 

]]> 2021-06-08 21:33:23 UTC https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1594078317 nathandong1 https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1594095823 Backlash + Example:
-The backlash from the ruling to the Brown v. Board of Education was widespread
-As expected from the South, some used delay tactics to avoid integrating. With Virginian officials closing certain public schools rather than open them to blacks
-But only 1 percent of black children were in schools in whites during early 1964, and with those enduring constant harassment
Any Other Desegregation?:
-No, not any other desegregation from the ruling
Schools Today:
-Schools today are still widely segregated 
-With more than half of public schools are reportedly at least 90 percent black and Hispanic in NY
-And in Alabama with nearly a quarter of black students attend a school with white enrollment of 1 percent or less ]]> 2021-06-08 21:46:08 UTC https://padlet.com/nathandong1/ugo3mrrf4jlgv2bu/wish/1594095823