is a field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement.
The field is concerned with the objective measurements of skills and knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational achievement.

    It provides researchers with high level of control
    Provides conclusions that are specific
    It can be duplicated
 
Disadvantages
    It creates situations that are not realistic
    It acquires more time
    There maybe ethical or practical problems with variable control

  Example: conducting a lab test 

Advantages
    Collects more info than experiments
    Applicable to everyday life
    It provides a good starting point

Disadvantages
    It uncovers a relationship
    Doesn’t reveal with variable influences the others

a) Describe the conclusions from the study by Bandura et al. (aggression) [3] 

 

(b) Explain two ways in which the learning approach is different from the social approach. Use the study by Bandura et al. as an example of the learning approach. [4]

(a) Explain how the mean of a data set is calculated. [2] 

(b) Identify an alternative measure of central tendency that Bandura et al. could have used [1]

b) Why did the researchers look at both types of aggression? (2)

a) Give one of these predictions. (2)

b) Evaluate whether the results of the study support this prediction (2)

b) Why were the children matched in this study? (2)

Identify one ethical guideline that was broken in the study by Bandura Ross and Ross (2)

What justification can you make for breaking this guideline? (2)

a) Give two examples of behaviours that were imitated by the children (2)

b) Suggest one implication for society if children do learn by imitation (2)

a) In stage two of the Bandura, Ross and Ross study on aggression, outline how the children were subjected to mild arousal of aggression. (2)

b) Why was this nesscary? (2)

a) Give two of the types of behaviour (the response categories) that the observers looked for when they observed the children  (2)

b) Describe how Bandura, Ross and Ross checked the reliability of their observations (2)

a)identify two of the categories of aggression that were measured (2)

b) outline the finding of one of these categories (2)

15.  Suggest one reason why it is difficult to generalise from the findings of this study to aggression outside the laboratory. (2)

16. From the study by Bandura, Ross and Ross on aggression, explain why a one-way mirror was used to observe the children.

a)Describe one of the categories of behaviour that was observed. [2] 

b) Suggest one way in which the reliability of any observation can be checked. 

19. In the study by Bandura, Ross and Ross the researchers observed imitative aggression (copying the behaviour of the model) and non-imitative aggression.  Give one example of imitative aggression. [2]

20. What type of design did Bandura use and why did he use it?

21. What are the IVs in the study?

22.Describe a possible weakness with the study.

23.Describe how the dependent variables were measured.

24. How else could the DV have been measured?

25. Why was both imitative and non-imitative aggression observed?

26. In what ways does Bandura’s study lack ecological validity?

27. What does this study tell us about aggression?

28. Boys were more likely to imitate physical aggression than girls.  Why is this the case according to Bandura?

29.According to Bandura how could we reduce aggression in society?

"Reciprocal altruism" is a term used by evolutionary biologists and psychologists to characterize the decision to help with an expectation that one will receive some benefit or payoff to oneself. Even when people don’t expect recognition or reward for a good deed, however, they often feel energized and happy afterward, a sensation sometimes called the "helper's high."


Pluralistic ignorance occurs when people erroneously infer that they feel differently from their peers, even though they are behaving similarly. As one example, imagine the following scenario: You are sitting in a large lecture hall listening to an especially complicated lecture. After many minutes of incomprehensible material, the lecturer pauses and asks if there are any questions. No hands go up. You look around the room. Could these people really understand what the lecturer is talking about? You yourself are completely lost. Your fear of looking stupid keeps you from raising your hand, but as you look around the room at your impassive classmates, you interpret their similar behavior differently: You take their failure to raise their hands as a sign that they understand the lecture, that they genuinely have no questions. These different assumptions you make about the causes of your own behavior and the causes of your classmates’ behavior constitute pluralistic ignorance.

Diffusion of responsibility is a sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present. Considered a form of attribution, the individual assumes that others either are responsible for taking action or have already done so.

 

1) what were the four independent variables? 

 

2) Describe the sample of the study 

Around 4450 men and women traveled in New York subway, weekdays, between the hours of 11.00 am and 3.00 pm during the period from April 15 to June 26, 1968.The racial composition of the typical train was 45 percent Black, and 55 percent White. Mean number of people per car was 43. Mean number of people in the ‘critical area’ (where the incident took place) is 8.5. 

Give an example of the results from the study and explain it in terms of the two factors. (2)