GEO 365: Indigenous Significant Sites in Oceania by Canita Rilometo-Nakamura https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4 4.4 Final Project - M. Kawēlau Wright en-us 2022-09-15 01:27:43 UTC 2022-09-20 23:13:42 UTC hello@padlet.com Location Map canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302713222 2022-09-19 09:59:12 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302713222 Video canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302724138 As significant now as it ever was]]> 2022-09-19 10:10:10 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302724138 History of the Site canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302733919 Built by the hands of King Kamehameha the Great in honor of his family war god Kūkā'ilimoku (Kū) before he united the Hawai'ian Islands under one kingdom. ]]> 2022-09-19 10:19:36 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302733919 A Site for Natural & Cultural Resources canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302755937 2022-09-19 10:41:47 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302755937 Area Map canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302819194 2022-09-19 11:44:00 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302819194 A Site to Study canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302825926 Published by UH Manoa's Department of Botany, native and alien (invasive) plants were catalogued, studied and recommendations stated for future care of the site plants. ]]> 2022-09-19 11:49:43 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302825926 References canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302839758 National Park Service, 1982, Natural and Cultural resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment – Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawaii, Clemson University Libraries, https://archive.org/details/naturalculturalr00puuk/page/n1/mode/2up

Richmond et. al., 2008, Geologic Resource Evaluation of Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawai’i: Geology and Coastal Landforms, USGS, https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1191/

Historic American Landscapes Survey et. al., 2009, Pu’kuohala Heiau National Historic Site, 62-3601 Kawaihae Road, Kawaihae, Hawaii County, HI Drawings from Survey HALS HI-4, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.hi0943.sheet?st=gallery

The National Park Service, 2004, Environmental Assessment – Assessment of Effect, Reestablishment of the Historic Scene at Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawai’I County, Hawai’i, Tetra Tech, Inc.

Calvin & Rosanna Hamilton, 2005-2008, Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site The Temple on the Hill of the Whale, ScienceViews.com, https://scienceviews.com/islands/puukoholaheiau.html

Pratt LW and Abbott LL, 1996, Vascular plants of Pu’ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawai’i Island, Cooperative National park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Botany, PCSU, http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7324
]]> 2022-09-19 12:00:54 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302839758 References canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302864733 Global Volcanism Program, 2013, Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (243040) in Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.11.2 (02 Sep 2022). Venzke, E (ed.), Smithsonian Institution. Downloaded 20 Sep 2022 (https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=243040). https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013
 
Bennis, KL and Venzke, E, 2022, Report on Hunga Tonga – Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) Global Volcanism Program, Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 47:3, Smithsonian Institution. 

Scarfo, M., 2022, “I cried as I was running.” Hear from children in the aftermath of the Tonga volcanic eruption. UNICEF, https://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/stories/i-cried-i-was-running

Perkins, S., 2022, The Tonga eruption may have spawned a tsunami as tall as the Statue of Liberty, ScienceNews, https://www.sciencenews.org/article/tonga-volcano-eruption-tsunami-shock-wave

Shotunde S., 2022, UN coordinator in Tonga: ‘Resources on the ground are not enough’, United Nations Humanitarian Aid, https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/01/1110162

Hite, E.B. et. al., 2020, Exploring the human-nature dynamics of Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai, Earth’s newest landmass, Journal of Volcanology and Geotherman Research, ScienceDirect, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377027320301268

Garvin, J.B. et al., 2018, Monitoring and Modeling the Rapid Evolution of Earth’s Newest Volcanic Island: Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) Using High Spatial Resolution Satellite Observations, American Geophysical Union Publications, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076621
]]> 2022-09-19 12:19:34 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302864733 Video canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302916887 NASA Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Story by Ellen Gray, with Mike Carlowicz.]]> 2022-09-19 12:51:51 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302916887 A Site to Study canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302967872 Before the massive eruption of January, 2022, scientists were already studying Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) since early 2015. The newly formed volcanic island was expected to erode away within months, however, observations using high-resolution satellite imaging and measuring volumetric erosion in this 36-month study estimated a lifetime of 19-42 years.

Also, check out how a team of scientists and students combined fieldwork in anthropology, oceanography, and physical volcanology to study micro- and macro-scale dynamics of this classical surtseyan eruption site in a collaborative partnership between the Kingdom of Tonga, Sea Education Association (SEA), and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to run expeditions to HTHH to calibrate satellite observations via field, ship, and drone-based measurements. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0377027320301268 ]]> 2022-09-19 13:20:50 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2302967872 A Site for Natural Disasters canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303018022 Over 80,000 people were affected by the January (2022) eruption of Hunga Tonga - Hunga Ha'apai, pulling coordinated humanitarian efforts from all over the world to assist the Tonga National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) assess damages and provide aid to the victims. Thousands of miles to the west of Tonga, Peru also felt the effects of the eruption and the subsequent tsunami when oil tanker off its coast spilled hundreds of thousands of oil, causing dire consequences to natural reserves. ]]> 2022-09-19 13:46:02 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303018022 History of the Site canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303021951 2022-09-19 13:48:01 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303021951 Area Map canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303037315 2022-09-19 13:55:57 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303037315 Location Map canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303085389 2022-09-19 14:19:16 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303085389 Photo canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303156867 Pu'ukohola Heiau NHS is open all year round and shares the history of the beginning stages of the Hawaiian Kingdom.]]> 2022-09-19 14:53:49 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303156867 Photo canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303170762 “I felt sad that the sea overflowed. While it was happening, I was scared, and I am still sad, but it is slowly getting better.” 
– Ana, 9 ]]> 2022-09-19 15:00:56 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303170762 References canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303182877 Amon, D.J. et. al., 2022, My Deap Sea, My Backyard: a pilot study to build capacity for global deep-ocean exploration and research, The Royal Society Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0121

IUCN Conservation Outlook Assessment, 2017, Phoenix Islands Protected Area, https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/555512002

Witkin, T. et. al., 2016, Global Fishing Watch reveals a fisheries management success in the Phoenix Islands, Oceana Reports. 

Tong, A., 2014, Statement by H.E. President Anote Tong, 69th UN General Assembly, New York. 

Rotjan, R.D. et. al., 2014, Establishment, Management, and Maintenance of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Advances in Marine Biology: Large Marine Managed Areas, Elsevier, Oxford, UK. 

Republic of Kiribati, 2009, Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Kiribati – Nomination for a World Heritage Site, Ministry of Environment Lands and Agricultural Development, Republic of Kiribati.
]]> 2022-09-19 15:07:29 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303182877 Video canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303207328 UNESCO’s World Heritage Marine Programme invites you join the movement to protect our ocean for future generations. The My Ocean Pledge was started by children living in UNESCO World Heritage Marine Sites who have pledged to protect these ocean treasures. Now they are calling upon the leaders of the world - and you - to protect the ocean from negative human impacts and preserve it for all of us to use and enjoy in the future. ]]> 2022-09-19 15:19:47 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303207328 Photo canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303222234 2022-09-19 15:27:02 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303222234 A Site to Study canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303234509 Innovative pilot project that highlights inequities and need for increased deep-ocean knowledge generation. The project documents efforts to build local capacity in small developing states in using comparatively low-cost technology to explore their own deep-sea backyards. 

Also check out the research led by Dr. Randi Rotjan, Co-Chair of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area Scientific Advisory Committee, Chief Scientist of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area Conservation Trust, and Senior Lecturer at Boston University (BU), where she and the BU Rotjan Marine Ecology Lab teams have been leveraging PIPA as a natural laboratory to study global change in remote and wild environments, but are also studying and innovating new ways to integrate science and management. https://sites.bu.edu/rotjanlab/research/pipa/]]> 2022-09-19 15:33:33 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303234509 A Site for Natural Resources canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303328765 On 11 December 2018, Kiribati made history by being the first country in the world to have its domestic marine conservation initiative – the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) – recognized by the United Nations General Assembly (Resolution A/Res/73/124 titled “Oceans and the Law of the Sea”) as an exemplary model of international cooperation, coordination, and collaboration in marine protection and conservation. PIPA became the largest and deepest UNESCO World Heritage Site in the world when it was inscribed in 2010. Since it's inscription the overall conservation and management outlook for PIPA has been mostly positive. Beginning in 2015, the area has banned all commercial fishing, making it one of the largest Marine Protected Areas on the planet. ]]> 2022-09-19 16:23:55 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303328765 History of the Site canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303372495 Before the Phoenix Islands Protected Area became a renowned UNESCO World Heritage Site, the people and government of Kiribati, conscious and aware of the effects of climate change and the challenges they were facing, already recognized its value and enacted regulations for it's protection. 

In his statement addressing the United Nations' 69th General Assembly in New York on September 26, 2014, Kiribati President Anote Tong reiterated that, "PIPA is a rich fishing ground so it's total closure on 31 December of this year would entail loss of much needed revenue for Kiribati from fishing license fees. For us, it is a major but necessary short term sacrifice for the long term health of our ocean and for sustaining fish stocks for global food security."]]> 2022-09-19 16:47:10 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303372495 Area Map canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303383634 2022-09-19 16:52:43 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303383634 Location Map canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303398514 2022-09-19 17:01:08 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303398514 References canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303481189 Lavery, T.H. et. al., 2021, New Faunal Records from a World Heritage Site in Danger: Rennell Island, Solomon Islands, Pacific Science, 75(3):407-420 (2021). https://doi.org/10.2984/75.3.8

UNDP Solomon Islands, 2021, Preserving the World Heritage, UNDP Pacific Office. https://www.undp.org/pacific/news/preserving-world-heritage

Kiddle, G.L., 2020, Achieving the desired state of conservation for East Rennel, Solomon Islands: Progress, opportunities and challenges, Wiley Online Library, https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.311

Price, S.C., 2017, Strengthening World Heritage protection in the Pacific – An exploration of Solomon Islands’ implementation of the World Heritage Convention, The University of Western Australia.

Kiddle, L., 2017, Rennell: an island of two halves, Devpolicy Blog, https://devpolicy.org/rennell-island-two-halves-20170725/#sidr-main

Price, S., 2013, The Protected Areas Project - Final report on work done towards setting up a Protected Area at the East Rennel World Heritage Site, Live and Learn Environmental Education.

Smith, A., 2011, East Rennel Worl Heritage Site: misunderstandings, inconsistencies and opportunities in the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Pacific Islands, International Journal of Heritage Studies, https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2011.618253

Wingham, E.J., 1997, Nomination of East Rennell, Solomon Islands by the Government of the Solomon Islands for Inclusion in the World Heritage List Natural Sites, New Zealand Official Development Assistance Programme, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade – The Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Aviation.  ]]> 2022-09-19 17:49:02 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2303481189 Video canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304271835 Read the story here: https://www.undp.org/pacific/news/preserving-world-heritage]]> 2022-09-20 05:25:55 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304271835 Photo canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304294266 2022-09-20 05:45:44 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304294266 A Site to Study canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304301306 When East Rennell in Solomon Islands was included on the World Heritage List in 1998, it became the first World Heritage Site in the independent Pacific Island states. It was also the first site inscribed upon natural criteria that was under customary ownership and management. In 2013, it was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Threats to the site's Outstanding Universal Value include logging, mining, invasive species, and climate change.

Following the indictment of the site into the UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger, researchers presented new records and evidence that continued field studies combined with DNA analysis will continue to uncover even greater endemic biodiversity. Rennell is currently experiencing major habitat destruction in parts of the island that are not under World Heritage protection. (Lavery et. al., 2021)

Check out Stephanie Clair Price's doctoral thesis (University of Western Australia School of Law), where she conducted an exploration of the World Heritage Convention regime through a Pacific lens, looking closely at the disparity between the local and global significance of the area and challenges it entails.  


]]> 2022-09-20 05:51:31 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304301306 A Site for Natural Resources canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304331334 Between 18 and 29 October 2018, surveys of the terrestrial vertebrates of East Rennell documented 56 species, including 15 squamates, 13 mammals, and 38 birds, and present four new vertebrate records for the island: Stephan's emerald dove (Chalcophaps stephani), Maluku myotis (Myotis moluccarum), littoral skink (Emoia atrocostata) and brahminy blindsnake (Indotyphlops braminus). East Rennell was designated a World Heritage site for its significant on-going ecological and biological processes, and importance for the study of island biogeography (Lavery et. al., 2021).

Locals value the biodiversity of their community, especially the use of medicinal plants. https://youtu.be/qsIPY5ay34o]]> 2022-09-20 06:15:49 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304331334 History of the Site canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304331604 Polynesians lived on the archipelago at least 4,000 years ago, and on Rennell Island between 2000 and 1600 BC when people of the Lapita Culture appeared; Bellona Island was briefly occupied by them about 1000 BC. Over a millennium, through long-range canoe voyages, their distinctive pottery was distributed throughout the Pacific from the Bismarck Archipelago in eastern Papua New Guinea to Samoa. The next settlement on the two islands was around 130 BC, with another major occupation in about 1000 AD. The present inhabitants say their ancestors landed on Bellona around 26 generations ago, about 1400 AD and came from Wallis Island (Uvea) north of Fiji (Wingham, 1997).
The Spanish navigator de Gamboa discovered the archipelago in 1568 and the English Captain Boyd in the merchant ship Bellona re-discovered the two islands in 1793. They were little developed until the 19th century when they were subjected to missionaries, blackbirding traders from the Queensland sugarcane fields, and finally to the British government as a protectorate in 1893 which ended in 1978. However, on Rennell, a lack of safe anchorage, the isolation and infertility of the island and shortage of easily obtainable fresh water prevented European settlement and the establishment of trading stations (Wingham, 1997). The name comes from James Rennell, surveyor general of Bengal from 1764 to 1777. The lake was used by both the Japanese and US forces in WW II and saw one day of the battle for Guadalcanal. Subsequently nine Catalina seaplanes were scuttled in the lake where they remain.

]]> 2022-09-20 06:16:01 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304331604 Location Map canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304335065 2022-09-20 06:18:29 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304335065 Area Map Map canita3_2 https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304335459 2022-09-20 06:18:49 UTC https://padlet.com/canita3_2/udon4xn8v14ciwm4/wish/2304335459