They were a group of people who decended from Dutch settlers in South Africa. They developed their own langiage, Afrikaans. This was a mixture of Dutch, Malay and indigenious African languages. The Afrikaners had a big impact on South Africa during the apartheid era. They enforced racial segregation and discrimation, it was a mixture between supporters and strikers when it came to apartheid.

_{http://orvillejenkins.com/profiles/afrikaner.html}

_{Cape of Good Hope, South Africa}

These were a series of conflicts that took place in the 19th century in South Africa between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. They had many battles such as, "The Battle of Isandlwana" and "The Battle of Rocke's Drift". The wars began when the king of the Zulu Kingdom fiercely resisted British colonization and expansion.

_{https://www.anglozuluwar.com/about-the-anglo-zulu-war-of-1879/}

_{KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa}

A conflict that took place in different places in South Africa from 1899-1902. It was a battle between the British Empire and the Boer states. The Boer's were made up of decendants of Dutch settlers. This war blossomed from the tensions over British imperialism and control of the region's gold and diamond resources. This led to government changes in South Africa.

_{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War}

_{Orange Free State, South Africa}

He was a British businessman and politician who would impact South Africa in the 19th century. He was a key figure in the diamond and gold mining industries, gaining wealth and power. Rhodes was also an advocate of British imperialism and believed in the expansion of the British Empire. Although he lived in Africa, he still became a major role in shaping the political and economic landscape of southern Africa for the British.

_{https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cecil-Rhodes}

_{Zimbabwe and Zambia, South Africa}

He was the King of Belgium from 1865-1909. He is well-known for his involvement in the colonization of the Congo that was used for his own personal property rather than Belguims. Leopold II exploited the Congo for its rubber, ivory, etc. by using horrible and exploitative methods. Under his control, the Congolese people suffered extremely due to the forced labor, violence, and all the horrible events caused by Leopold II. This emphazied the consequences of unchecked colonialism.

_{https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leopold-II-king-of-Belgium}

_{Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa}

It took place on November 15, 1884-1885. It was organized by Britain, France, Germany and Portugal to discuss and establish rules for the colonization and division of Africa. The image above is a good representation of what happened during the conference. They all came together, carving up africa and distributing the pieces of land without any consideration of the people occupying it. This meeting was meant to share the continent without having to battle over what pieces they got.

_{https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-West-Africa-Conference}

_{Wilhelmstrasse, Berlin, Germany}

The canal was built to create a shorter route between Europe and Asia, specifically connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It was built during the mid-19th century and opened in 1869. It was led by de Lesseps, they maintained the infrastructure, collected tolls from ships and ensured the smooth flow of traffic. He was a really good owner for this canal. Sooner or later, the control and ownership of the canal changed, giving it to Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1956.

_{https://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/English/About/SuezCanal/Pages/CanalHistory.aspx}

_{Isthmus of Suez, Abu Suwir, Egypt}

This company was a trading post formed in the 17th century. It was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth I to trade with East Indies (south asia and southeast asia). It was originally just made for trade and focused on that until it gained political and military power. They became the the main ruler of large parts of India. It had its own army and made its own currency. The company's influence in India lasted until 1858 when the British government took control over the country.

_{https://www.britannica.com/topic/East-India-Company}

_{Leadenhall Street, United Kingdom}

The invastion happen between years 1935-1936. The Italians were led by Mussolini with the goal to invade Ethiopia, the few remaining African countires that remained independent. The Italian forces used advanced weaponry and tactics in order to make this invasion successful. They gradually gained control over the country, Ethiopia tried calling for help but no significant action was taken. At the end, Italy declared Ethiopia as part of its East African Empire.

_{https://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/ink/italy/fitalyethiopia1935.htm}

_{Ethiopia, Ethiopian Empire}

Also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was an uprising against British rule in India. It began for many reasons such as religion, economy, use of Indian soldiers, etc. The rebellion spread across northern and central India, with both civilians and soldiers joining to fight for their independence. Sadly, the Sepoy Mutiny was suppressed by the British. They regained control and maintained their rule over India.

_{https://www.britannica.com/event/Indian-Mutiny}

_{Meerut, India}

This canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Construction of the canal began in 1904 and was completed in 1914, it required labor of thousands of workers including engineers and skilled craftsmen. It was had a very huge impact on global trade and travel time. It was originally owned by the US but gave control to Panama on December 31, 1999. Panama still continues to hold responsible for the canal.

_{https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/panama-canal}

_{Isthmus of Panama, Panama}

This took place in China from 1899 to 1901. It was a rebellion against foreign influence and imperialism in China. The Boxers, a secret society known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists began this battle. They believed that their martial arts skill made them invulnerable to bullets. The war began with attacks on foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians, this rapidly led to a full-scale conflict. The Boxers fled to Beijing which led to an internation coalition of forces coming to their rescue. Eventually, the rebellion ended once the Boxers were defeated.

_{https://www.history.com/topics/asian-history/boxer-rebellion}

_{China, North China, and South China}

The Opium Wars were a series of conflicts between China and Western powers in the mid-19th century. The wars were primarily fought between China and Britain with other powers from the west would join in. This event was caused from the trade of opium, it's a drug. It was being smuggled into China by British merchants. The chinese government was concerned about the devastating effects of opium addiction and tried to put an end to it. After years of battling, the british were able to defeat the chinese and force China to sign unequal treatied that granted western powers significant economic and territorial benefits.

_{https://www.britannica.com/topic/Opium-Wars}

_{Guangzhou, China}

The Salt March/Salt Satyagraha was a nonviolent protest for India's struggle for independence from British rule. This was led by Mahatma Gandhi. This march got it's name due to the reason why they were protesting, the British salt monopoly in 1930. The march began with a group of people walking over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. People would join the march and gained attention from all of this. They found a way around the salt monopoly, making their own salt from seawater. This act of civil disovedience inspired many across india to join the movement for independence.

_{https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March}

_{Gujarat, India}

The Balfour Declaration was a letter sent in 1917 by Arthor Balfour, a british secretary. Inside of the letter was support for making Palestine an official home for jewish people. For the Jewish community, they saw this as a huge improvement for it gave them more land and people to immigrate into. However, the Arab population in Palestine were not happy at all, it caused tensions between them. They felt that their rights were being ignored and this lead to conflicts between the two big religions.

_{https://www.britannica.com/event/Balfour-Declaration}

_{British Library, United Kingdom}

This congress was founded in 1885 to fight for India's independence from the British. The foundation was caused by people wanting to have a voice in how their country was governed and wanted fair treatment, no longer to be exploited by the British. It brought many different people around India and they worked together to protest. Luckily, the succeeded and in 1947, they gained their independence.

_{https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-National-Congress}

_{Nagpur, India}

In the early 20th century, the US locked their eyes on these islands for a few reasons. The main reason was strategic miltary postioning. They wanted to establish naval bases and coaling stations in the Pacific to maintain a strong presence in the region and for trade to become safer. Another reason was economic expansion. These islands had sugar, minerals, wood, and more for the US to take control over.

_{https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/pacific-expansion}

_{Samoa, Hawaii, Philippines}

The war between Spain and the United States started in 1898. It began over the treatment of Cubans by the Spain rule. And the United States supported this riot, this led to the cooperation between the US and Cuba to declare war on Spain. The war lasted for about four months and ended with the US expanding their land beyond its borders, taking control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Spain was defeated, leaving it's colonial empire and global influence.

_{https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-American-War}

_{Cuba, Puerto Rico}

This war was caused between the conflict of Manchuria and Korea. Japan, wanting to expand their influence, launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base. This began on 1904 and ended a year later, leaving Japan victorious. It was a plot twist for Asia for it never defeated European power before. Not only did they win but they agreed to sign on the Treaty of Portsmouth, making Japan a major world power.

_{https://www.britannica.com/event/Russo-Japanese-War}

_{Manchuria, Yellow Sea, Korean Peninsula}

This was the British colonial rule in India, taken place from 1858-1947. This happened after the Sepoy Mutiny, you can find that on this map. During the British Raj, India experienced significant political, economic, and social changes. The British wanted to modernize India by installing railways, better education, telegraph systems etc. but they also wanted to discriminate and exploit India for their own benefit.

_{https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/British_Raj}

_{India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh}

The phrase Jewel in the Crown was used as India being the most prized possession of the British. During the British Raj, India was considered the jewel in the crown of the British Empire due to the many amounts of resources, strategic location, and economic potential. The phrase emphazises how benefial India was for Britain.

British India