Pharmacology 3 Spring 2022 by Van Houten, Juliane P.

Group 8 onset, peak and duration as it pertains to medications.

2022-02-09 21:02:34 UTC

Onset- how long it takes to feel the effect of the drug
Peak- the highest concentration reached by the drug
Duration- the time it takes when the drug first effects the body to the time the body has no response to the drug

Pharmaceutical Phase

2022-02-09 21:03:08 UTC

This phase refers to the disintegration of the active substance of a drug.

Not all drugs go through the pharmaceutical phase. This phase is normally for drugs taken PO, and in solid form.

Fillers and inert substances called excipients help the drug to take a specific size and shape during disintegration to help in drug dissolution.

Enteric coated drugs resist disintegration in the stomach acid, but will be broken down in the alkaline environment of the small intestine.

**Enteric coated tablets or capsules should not be crushed.

agonist vs antagonist

2022-02-09 21:03:17 UTC

agonist: activate
A medication that can mimic the receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate, work together to enhance therapeutic effects of the medication
ex: morphine is an agonist, it activates receptors that produce analgesia

antagonist: block
A medication that can block the usual receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate or the receptor activity of other medications
ex: vitamin K is an antagonist that interacts with warfarin

Group 13

2022-02-09 21:03:31 UTC

The Therapeutic range of a medication is when the plasma medication is effective and not toxic.
A peak level is drawn one to several hours after the drug is administered (timing depends on the specific drug being administered). A trough level is drawn immediately before the next dose of the drug administered.
When the drug level is too high, the therapeutic range is exceeded and the concentration becomes toxic.
When the drug level is too low, the therapeutic range is not reached and the dosage is ineffective.
When being exposed to low drugs levels there is also a chance our bodies form a resistance.
**Example of dosage effect on patient outcome: Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator given for angina. If too low a dose is given, chest pain and ischemia do not improve. If too high a dose is given (or the patient already has a low blood pressure), the patient’s blood pressure can drop to a dangerously low level.

Group 4: Metabolism and Elimination Phases of Medication Through The Body

2022-02-09 21:04:05 UTC

Metabolism:

-Biochemicals reactions w/i the cells body

Elimination:

Main route is the kidneys

Through urine and feces

Others include GI, liver, sweat and breast milk

What is Metabolism Rate Affected By?

Metabolism Rate Factors Include

Infants: Limited metabolism capabilities
Geri: Metabolism decreases
- Increased body fat
- Decreased body water
- Decreased muscle mass
Immunocompromised Patients
Genetic Factors
Coexisting Disorders
- Chronic Liver Disorders or Failure
- Advanced Heart Failure

Phase 1 Metabolism

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis

Phase 2 Metabolism

Conjugation occurs

GROUP 12: Adverse Reactions vs Side Effects

2022-02-09 21:04:31 UTC

Describe the relationship between receptor sites in the body and medications. How do receptor sites work?

2022-02-09 21:04:35 UTC

Receptor Sites are proteins found on the surface of the cell, which are capable of recognizing and bonding to specific molecules. Example: insulins will bind to insulin receptors but they cannot bind each other's receptor.

Receptors are macromolecules which chemically signal between and within cells; they may be located on the cell surface membrane or within the cytoplasm. Activated receptors directly or indirectly regulate cellular biochemical processes. Some drugs are absolutely specific for one receptor, but most have relative selectivity. Selectivity is the degree to which a drug acts on a given site relative to other sites; selectivity relates largely to physicochemical binding of a drug to cellular receptors.

group 9

2022-02-09 21:05:11 UTC

drug-drug interaction

Can occur anytime a client is prescribed more than one Medication.(Polypharmacy)
Interactions may intensify or decrease the effects of one of the medications.
Can either intensify or decrease the therapeutic effect or the adverse effect.

Why is it important for nurses to know about drug-drug interactions?

Nurses are responsible for using the facility-approved drug reference resources to check for possible drug interactions so they can help avoid medical errors.
Nurses need to the purpose behind combining the drugs so they can properly assess the expected outcome. For example, if one drug decreases an adverse effect of another- the nurse should monitor for this effect.

factors that affect medication dosage and the individuals response

tretamdorazi — 2022-02-09 21:05:24 UTC

Age- Individuals with less kidney and liver function (children/elderly) require smaller medication doses.

Accumulation: Medication concentration in the body increases due to inability to metabolize or excrete a medication rapidly enough. For example, in older adults, ↓kidney and liver function are the major causes of medication accumulation toxicity.

Body weight- Greater body mass = larger doses due to body tissues absorbing medications.

Tolerance- Reduced medication responsiveness over time.

Types of Tolerances:
Pharmacodynamic- Persistent exposure to the drug produces a response where receptors are down-regulated and require increased dosages for same response. ex) morphine.
Metabolic- Metabolism of the medication increases over time and the effectiveness of medication declines. ex) benzodiazepines.

Diet: inadequate nutrition can affect the protein-binding response of medications and subsequently ↑the medication's response.

Group 5 Elimination

2022-02-09 21:07:04 UTC

What factors can effect the elimination of medications?

Elimination mainly occurs primarily through the kidneys.

Group 2: Drug-food Interactions

2022-02-09 21:07:47 UTC

Drug and Food interaction occur when your food and medicine interfere with one another.

Describe the absorption phase of how medications travel through the body

2022-02-09 21:14:17 UTC

Passive absorption
-Drugs diffuse across a cell membrane from a region a high concentration to one of low concentration.

Active absorption
- when a substance moves against a concentration gradient. It is selective and requires energy expenditure. Active transport is limited to drugs structurally similar to endogenous substance.

Absorption affected by
Blood flow, solubility of drug (more soluble, more rapid the absorption), absorption surface, surface area, formulation of drug, additives, drug concentration

also affected by
Route of administration.

1. Enteral Route
Oral route - easiest and the most common route
2. parenteral route
injecting a medication into body tissues

Group 8: Onset, Peak, Duration pt 2.

2022-02-09 21:15:32 UTC

Group 2: Drug-food Interactions

2022-02-09 21:20:40 UTC

Medications taken with high-fat meals will have a much slower rate of intestinal absorption.

2022-02-09 21:21:10 UTC

- Elimination could also take place through the liver, lungs, intestines, and exocrine glands.
- e.g. Kidney dysfunction can also lead to an increase in duration and intensity of a med’s response.

Med composition
- Solubility of a med; highly soluble med are eliminated faster.
- If a med has a short half-life, the med leaves the body quickly.

Group 2: Drug-food Interactions

2022-02-09 21:27:40 UTC

Alcohol consumption can interfere with metabolism and absorption of medications leading to dangerous side effects or an adverse reaction.

Consuming foods like avocados, figs, aged cheese, yeast extracts, beer, and smoked meats while taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors can lead to hypertensive crisis.

Group 2: Drug-food Interactions

2022-02-09 21:32:42 UTC

The nurse should instruct the patient when medications should be taken with or without food and with any other restrictions.