But Sacagawea has become an enigma to historians seeking to trace his later life. Indeed, reliable historical information about her is very limited, we know that when she was about 12 years old, her and several other girls were taken captive by a group of Hidatsa in a raid.  And at about age 13, she was sold into a non-consensual marriage to Toussaint Charbonneau, a Quebecois trapper who about two decades earlier had lived in the Hidatsa village. 

 

She was the daughter of a Shoshone chief who traveled with the expedition thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean, helping to establish cultural contacts with Native American populations and contributing to the expedition's knowledge of natural history in different regions. In February 1805, Sacagawea gave birth to a son named Jean Baptiste Charbonneau. Despite traveling with a newborn child during the trek, Sacagawea proved to be helpful in many ways. She was skilled at finding edible plants. Moreover, she also served as a symbol of peace because a group traveling with a woman and a child were treated with less suspicion than a group of men alone.

The National American Woman Suffrage Association of the early 20th century adopted her as a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her memory, and doing much to recount her accomplishments. In 1976, she was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in Fort Worth, Texas. In 2001, she was given the title of Honorary Sergeant, Regular Army, by President Bill Clinton. In 2003, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. 

 
SAVALLI Léa 1°8

is the Prime Minister of New Zealand and the Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party.

Born in Hamilton, Jacinda grew up in rural Waikato and attended Morrinsville College, before graduating from the University of Waikato with a Bachelor of Communications Studies in International Relations and Professional Communication. She joined the New Zealand Labour Party at age 18.

She studied at Morrinsville College,where she was the student representative on the school's board of trustees.Whilst still at school she found her first job, working at a local fish-and-chip shop.she has Children , Neve Te Aroha Ardern Gayford and got a book titled Jacinda Ardern : On kindness, empathy and strength

During her time in Parliament, Jacinda has been a strong advocate for children, women and the right of every New Zealander to have meaningful work. She was responsible for the landmark Child Poverty Reduction Act, and has taken a lead on climate change through initiatives like the establishment of the Zero Carbon Act and the ban on future offshore oil and gas exploration in New Zealand.

REFAI SOHAYLA 1er 8

Ruth Bader Ginsburg grew up with in a neighbourhood in Brooklyn called Flatbush, in a jewish family. Her maiden name was Joan Ruth Bader. In this time, girls were excluded from the universities, but her mom encouraged her starting studies and supported her. Once she graduated hight school, she started studying in Cornell University.

She got her diploma when she turned 21 years old. Then she got married with Martin D.Ginsburg, in this way, she gave birth to her daughter in 1955. After that, she still followed her studies going to Harvard Law School, and then to Columbia Law School. She got her PhD in 1959 (when she was 26 years old). She suffered from sexist discriminations during these years, that's also why she decided to protect women rights.

Her main achievement is that she founded a newspaper in 1970 that was dedicated to women's rights, called « Women's Rights Law Reporter ». Thanks to this project, she was able to present sexist problems in front of the Supreme Court of United States between 1973 and 1976. 17 years later she was hired in the Supreme Court, where she defended many other cases like ecology. 

In conclusion, Ruth Bader Ginsburg was a really ambitious feminist woman, she was really ahead of her time and inspired many generations.

GALINIER Mathilde 1°8

She has har American nationality in April 1953. Hedy Lamarr is one of Hollywood's great seducers and she got married 6 times: with Friedrich Mandl (a famous arms dealer), Gene Markeyaaa, John Loder, Teddy Stauffer, W. Howard Lee and with Lewis J. Boies. She had three kids one of which adopts but she was not very present for them because of her work. She died in January the 19^th in 2000.

Hedy Lamarr was known for her beauty and acting skills. She was in 1940was considered one of the most beautiful women in the world. She played in a lot of films but the most famous are Extase, Samson and Delilah,…  Above all, she was a talented scientist, inventor of a secret system for coding transmissions. She invented during the war, in 1941, a secret transmission system to guide torpedoes. A system still used today for Wi-Fi or GPS. And finally she wrote an autobiography about her sexual life named Ecstasy and me.

Emma Robic 1°8

Then she began teaching English at Texas Southern University but soon returned to Howard University as a professor. She there met and married in 1958 her husband, Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect. Together, they had two children: Harold and Slade. Their first son was born in 1961, and her husband divorced while she was pregnant with the second, in 1964. After seven years of teaching, she left to head to Syracuse, New York and there worked as an editor at Random House publishing. Two years later, she transferred to the New York City branch, editing African American authors. There, she helped plenty of civil rights activists like Angela Davis or Black Panther Huey Newton. When she was thirty-nine years old, she published her first novel, The Bluest Eye, written by waking up at 4:00 am every morning to rise on her own her children and work at the same time. In 1983, she left publishing to devote more time to writing, as her activity grows more and more important and appreciated. In 1993, she wins the Nobel Prize of Literature. Then in 1998, after the film adaptation of Beloved (1987 and most famous novel) with Oprah Winfrey as the main character Sethe, her work got even more known. While writing and producing, Toni Morrison also taught at the Creative Writing Program at Princeton University and got an honorary Doctorate degree from Oxford University. With this title, she got the opportunity to be a guest curator at the Louvre Museum in Paris. She also wrote children books with her son until his death, in the age of forty-five years old. In 2000, she was named a Living Legend by the Library of Congress. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012. She died in 2019 from complications of a pneumonia.

As a writer, Toni Morrison’s greatest pieces of art are her books. There are several of them, but five really made history. Indeed, they are the most famous and the ones that made her earn most of her prizes. Among them, there is her first novel The Bluest Eye (1970) talking about a young Black female Pecola Breedlove from an abusive home, wishing to have a better life if her eyes were blue. Her other masterpieces are Sula (1973), Song of Salomon (1977), Tar Baby (1981) and Beloved (1987) following which she got the Nobel Prize of Literature. The Beloved’s story is about a young, enslaved mother who killed her daughter, wishing them to be free. The young girl then comes back under a ghost form to haunt her. We can see that the Black culture and the struggling for freedom for both women and Black people are present in her whole work. She also won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and a National Humanities medal.

 Agathe BARONE 1ère 8

 

Bibliography:

 She is of Albanian family and receives Ottoman nationality. Her father was a merchant and she received a religious education from her mother. She goes to school and helps with household chores. From his childhood, the values ​​of the Catholic religion made his family help and welcome the poor. At 9 years old his father dies and the family business goes bankrupt. The family is forced to open a sewing workshop to support themselves.

At 18, she joined the missionary order of the Sisters of Notre-Dame-de-Lorette in Ireland. The following year she began to prepare her teaching diploma in Calcutta. In 1931, the young sister took the name of Mary-Teresa. From 1931 to 1937 she taught geography in Calcutta. In 1946, she wanted to leave the convent to live with the poorest and in August 1848, Pope Pius XII granted her permission. Her only asset was her white sari with blue piping and she decided to take Indian nationality.

In 1950, she founded the Missionaries of Charity, which helps the poorest. This new order exists thanks to the sisters who devote their lives to it. These take care of the dying, the poor and abandoned children. Always to help the most disadvantaged, she founded the death of Kalighat and an orphanage for abandoned children. All her life she made sure to help the poorest by taking a vow of poverty. These charitable actions earned her the Nobel Peace Prize on October 17, 1979. She is also decorated by the Indian President and the Queen of England. At the age of 87, Mother Teresa died of cardiac arrest at the Missionaries of Charity motherhouse in Calcutta.

Yanis Petri 1°8

In homage to her pioneering spirit, the ASCO rewards each year an early-career researcher with the Jane C. Wright, MD, Young Investigator Award.

Enzo AITTOUIRAD, 1ère8

She graduate of the University of Exeter, Then moved to Portugal in 1990 to teach English. There, she met and married the Portuguese journalist Jorge Arantes.

Where she has her daughter Jessica in 1993, the same year her mariage ended in divorce. 

Rowling moved to Edinburgh with her daughter to live near her younger sister, Dianne.

And while struggling to support her daughter and herself on welfare, Rowling worked on her first book in the Harry Potter series. The idea for the book reportedly occurred to her while she was traveling on a train from Manchester to London in 1990.

After a number of rejections, Rowling finally sold her first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, for the equivalent of about $4,000; it hit shelves in June 1997.

The book was the start of a seven-book series chronicling the life of the young wizard Harry Potter and his motley band of cohorts at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

The second book in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, came out in July 1998.

The third book, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, hit shelves in July 1999.

In 2000, the fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

After a postponed release date, the fifth installment, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, hit bookstores in June 2003.

The sixth installment, released in July 2005, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.

Prior to its July 2007 release, the seventh and final installment in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was the largest ever pre-ordered book at Barnes & Noble and Borders bookstores.

seven books and blockbuster films later, the Harry Potter brand, valued at over $15 billion, is still going strong.

Over 400 million copies of the Harry Potter books have been sold worldwide and translated into 67 languages, making Rowling the first billionaire and successful author. 

She is known too for her books, the fantastic beast.

J.K. Rowling is Founder and President of Lumos, an international children’s charity fighting for every child’s right to a family by transforming care systems around the world. Lumos sheds light on the root causes of family separation – poverty, conflict and discrimination – and demonstrates that children can safely be united with loving families that help them thrive.

Source :

• https://www.jkrowling.com/about/

•https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-K-Rowling

•https://www.biography.com/.amp/writer/jk-rowling

Atta
NourelHoda 
1er8

Malala Yousafzai was born in 1997 the 12 of July in Mingora, Pakistan. 

She grew up in Swat Valley like a normal child, but in 2008 the Taliban took control of his town and banned many things like girls in schools. So in the early 2009 she wrote a blog under a pseudonym detailing her life during the the Taliban occupation. A journalist noticed her and interviewed on television. Then due to this Malala got shoot on the left side of her head in 2012 by a gunman masked taliban. She woke up 10 days later in a hospital in Birmingham, in England. Everyone around the world was praying for her recovery. Then she return in Pakistan.

In 2013 she co-wrote a book about her story named “I am Malala”.

In 2014 Malala moved to England with her family and became an activist for the right to education and established a charity dedicated to giving every girl an opportunity to study, named Malala Fund. 

Later in December 2014 she received the Nobel Peace Prize and became the youngest Nobel laureate. 

In 2018 she began studying Philosophy, Politics and Economics at the university of of Oxford and started to travel in many countries to meet girls who needs help.

Malala graduated from oxford in 2020. 

In November 2021 Malala announced on twitter her marriage with Asser Malik. 

Pascaline Vidal 1ère8

 She started teaching to help her family financially. From 1846 to 1849 she taught at a female academy in upstate New York. After, Susan returned to her family and there she met William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass, who were friends of her father. Listening to them moved Susan to want to do more to help end slavery. She became an abolition activist, even though most people thought it was improper for women to give speeches in public. Anthony made many passionate speeches against slavery.

  In 1851, Anthony met Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They became good friends and worked together for over 50 years fighting for women’s rights. She gave many speeches demanding that women be given the right to vote. At times, she risked being arrested for sharing her ideas in public.

Her discipline, energy, strategy and ability to organize made her a strong and successful leader. Anthony and Stanton co-founded the American Equal Rights Association. In 1868 they became editors of the Association’s newspaper, The Revolution, which helped to spread the ideas of equality and rights for women. She was admired by many, yet others hated her ideas.

When Congress passed the 14th and 15th amendments which gave voting rights to African American men, the two friends were angry and opposed the legislation because it did not include the right to vote for women. In reaction to that, they formed the National Woman Suffrage Association, their objective was to push for a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. In 1872, Anthony was arrested for voting. This made many people angry and brought national attention to the suffrage movement. In 1876, she led a protest at the 1876 Centennial of our nation’s independence. She gave a famous speech (“Declaration of Rights”) in which she  affirms: “Men, their rights, and nothing more; women, their rights, and nothing less.”. In 1888, she helped to merge the two largest suffrage associations into one, the National American Women’s Suffrage Association and led the group until 1900. She traveled around the country giving speeches, gathering thousands of signatures on petitions, and lobbying Congress every year for women.

   Susan Anthony died in 1906 in New York at 86 years old, 14 years before women were given the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 and after spending  her life working for women’s rights.

Léna Tourniaire 1e8

She was born into a very large family, indeed she had eight brothers and sisters, but they had to be separated and sold like all slave families. She then had a very hard adolescence, being passed from master to master as a servant, beaten, insulted, disrespected and discriminated...

With all this violence and repeated beatings, Harriet became ill and her market value as a slave decreased. Her principal owner died, making it easier for her to escape, as she did twice, on 17 September 1849 and some time later.

 

Once emancipated, our woman took it to heart to rescue other slaves from their conditions, earning her the nickname "Black Moses". In addition, she tried to rebuild her family over the years. As her name began to spread, a large bounty was placed on her head. 

During the American Civil War in 1861, she joined the ranks of the Union abolitionists. She helped in any way she could, taking on the role of nurse and cook. 

In 1863, she put on her military hat and led maritime operations to raze plantations for slaves.

After the Civil War, she did not stop campaigning for minorities, and in fact she was ahead of her time in the fight for women's suffrage.

She had been ill for some time and died of pneumonia in 1913. 

 

In her honour, her head printed on the American dollar is a project for Joe Biden. There are also buildings in her memory built in her home state, and several artists have created works in her name.

Ulysse Rey

Born in Weymouth, Massachusetts next to Boston, she gown up in a middle-class family, with a father minister and a mother from a distinguish families from New England. She never received conventional education because of her health so her mother taught her how to read and write. At 17 years old, she met John Adams, a young lawyer and she fell in love. They married in October 24 of 1764.

She had six children but only four lived to adulthood: Nabby, John Quincy, Charles and Thomas Adams.

After the revolutionary war, the Adams family went to Europe because for the father’s job: he was minister in France and in England. Back in USA after this time, John Adams started his political campaign in the Federalists side and became the President after winning the election on March 4, 1797. 

Abigail Adams had a big influence on her husband so a lot of politics used to call her ‘Mrs. President’ and not ‘Fist Lady’. She fought for slave rights and women rights, writing to John in 1778 that “you need not be told how much female education is neglected, nor how fashionable it has been to ridicule female learning.”. Abigail also maintained and voiced strong opinions about the political issues and debates of the day, including the Federalist vs. anti-Federalist struggle. While she was having an influence on her husband, she was carrying her children and managing all the white-house’s need so her was a very busy woman. 

After this presidency episode, the family retired to Peacefield in Quincy and Abigail started to support her son’s political career. Unfortunately she died on October 28 of 1818 of typhoid fever leaving behind her, a future president of USA and a great exemple of commitment for a women from this time.

Adrien GILBERT 1°8

Earhart was an American aviator who set many flying records and championed the advancement of women in aviation. She became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, and the first person ever to fly solo from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland.

 During a flight to circumnavigate the globe, Earhart disappeared somewhere over the Pacific in July 1937. Her plane wreckage was never found, and she was officially declared lost at sea. Her disappearance remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of the twentieth century.

Marc Handouka 1e 8

Grace Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray, on december 9th 1906 in New York City Grace Hopper, being the oldest of three children. Her father, Walter Murray, was an insurance broker whereas her mother, Mary Van Horne, had a pronounced interest in science and mathematics, which she passed on to her girl. Both Grace's parents accepted that Grace and her sister ought to have an instruction of the same quality as her brother’s. 

Grace also liked needlepoint, litteratur and playing the piano. There were certainly signs in Grace's childhood of her interest with machines. When she was seven, she took her alarm clock and completely took it apart to discover and understand how it worked. Incapable of reassembling it, she took apart seven other clocks she found within the house before her mother found out about the situation. During her childhood, Grace was educated at Graham School and Schoonmakers School, both schools exclusively for girls. She failed her Latin examination when trying to enter Vassar College in 1923, which meant that she needed to wait another year, which she spent at Hatridge School in Plainfield, before entering Vassar College in 1924.

2. Family life

Grace Hopper married Vincent Foster Hopper in 1930. He was an English teacher from New York University, but the couple never had any children, and divorced in 1945.

3. Accomplishments

Throughout her life, Grace Hopper was known for her brilliant mind. She started teaching mathematics at Vassar College in 1943, and continued until 1943. She was awarded her doctorate by Yale University in 1934 for her thesis “New Types of Irreducibility Criteria”.

As she was too old and her job as a mathematics teacher was considered essential, she had to persuade the Naval Reserve to accept her in 1943. After being commissioned as a Lieutenant, Grace Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at the Cruft Laboratories at Harvard University. From 1944, she worked with Aiken on the Harvard Mark I computer. By the end of the war, Grace Hopper was working on the Hrvard Mark II computer. In 1946, she ended her active duty in the Navy, staying on as a duty reservist. She remained at Harvard where she was appointed a Research Fellow in Engineering Sciences and Applied physics in the Computation Laboratory. She continued to work on the Mark II, then later on the Mark III computer. Grace Hopper was involved in the development of UNIVAC, the first all-electronic digital computer. She created the very first computer compiler, which is a program that translates written instructions into code that computers can understand. This work led her to co-develop the COBOL, one of the earliest standardised computer languages.Thanks to these technological advances, Grace Hopper received numerous honorary degrees (40), from Yale University… In 1991, she received the National Medal of Technology
Ronan Torbey

She was going at a primary private school, the Westlake school for Girls of Los Angeles. She was interested in science and she was also a great national tennis player. She entered Swarthmore College before joining Stanford University. She obtained a bachelor’s degree in English and Physics, a master’s degree from the same university in 1975 and then a doctorate (PhD) in physics in 1978, while conducting research in astrophysics and the physics of free electron lasers.

She was married from 1982 to 1987 to Steven Hawley, also a NASA astronaut. After her death, Tam O'Shaughnessy, a professor at San Diego State University with whom she had co-wrote several books , revealed that she had been her companion for twenty-seven years.

Sally Ride is famous for being the first American woman in space and first LGBT astronaut.

In 1977, Sally Ride was among the 8 900 candidates who responded to NASA’s recruitment announcement. The American Space Agency opened its recruitment for the first time to women and Sally Ride is one of the six women joining NASA in January 1978. She trained for a year as a mission specialist. She plays the role of capcom («Capsule communicator», ground personnel who ensure the communications with the crews of the missions).

Then she was select as mission specialist for STS-7, which left on June 18, 1983. She became the first American and the third woman to go into space. During the mission, she participated in the deployment of telecommunications satellites. The shuttle landed on June 24th.

Sally Ride also participated as a mission specialist in the STS-41-G mission launched on October 5, 1984. The shuttle crew deploys the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, conducts scientific observations of the Earth, and conducts a demonstration of hydrazine in-flight refuelling of a satellite. The shuttle landed on 13 October 1984 at the Kennedy Space Center.

In June 1985, a new mission was planned, but the crash of the space shuttle Challenger caused the cancellation of the flight. Sally Ride is assigned by the President to lead the investigation into the accident. After, she was appointed to the NASA staff as special assistant to the director of NASA for strategic and long-term planning.

In 1987, Sally Ride left NASA to work at the Center for International Security and Arms Control at Stanford University in Palo Alto. In 1989, she became a physics teacher at the University of California, San Diego. In 2001, she founded Sally Ride Science, a society whose goal is to encourage elementary and secondary school children to study science, making this fun and interesting. She managed the institution until 2012 and wrote scientific books for children.

Sally Ride is also a member of several national science commissions and a board member of the Aerospace Corporation and the California Institute of Technology.

Eliot Cardaire 1°8