The Mackintosh method is “looking for action” and is the attention to stimulus commands after it has become a good predictor of the US and causes the CR with minimal effort. It's the behavioral control of well trained cues.

The Pearce and Hall method is the “Looking for learning” and is the attention involved in processing cues that are not yet good predictors of the US since they are still being learned about. An US being surprised will cause the stimuli to respond in a proactive or prospective approach. 

The Holland & Maddux method is “looking for liking” ; it's the attention that stimulus commands because of their emotional value. The amount of attention will affect how they respond in their next trial. 

Own example 

The amount an animal devotes to a CS is determined by how surprising the US was on the preceding trial .Animals have a lot to learn If the US was surprising that increases attention to CS on the next trial. The looking for action method would be when the animal knows the CR is a bad predictor of the US they will no longer pay attention to it. The Looking for learning would be when the animal already knows the outcome to the US uncertain predictors will increase attention while known predictors will decrease. Lastly, the looking for liking method. If an animal is really hungry when they find food this emotional response when finding food will stick with them in the future when they are looking for food again even if they aren't as hungry.

Book example

 A CS engagement in a conditioning trial will be based on the level of learning that stimuli undergoes. So, if a lot of learning is required from a CS during their training they will be engaged and more active in their next trial. However, if a CS is not learning during a trial then they will lose interest.  There are three types of attentional models of conditioning, looking for action, looking for learning, and looking for liking. 

Night out (CS1) + Alcohol (US) → Hangover (CR)

Night out (CS1) + Burrito (CS2) + Alcohol (US) → Hangover (CR)

Burrito (CS2) →  No Hangover (CR)

Not only do participants know that CS is paired with the US, but they learn when the US will occur
Information theory focuses on the amount of time or trials needed to establish a learned behavior, another factor that comes into play is the amount of time given between running each trial. Or how long the subject waits after the US is given to receive the reinforcement. 

Temporal Coding- Participants learn about the point in time when the US occurs

Temporal Coding Hypothesis- Participants learn when the US occurs in relation to a CS and use this information in which what is learned in one phase of training influences what is learned in a subsequent phase

Relative-waiting-time hypothesis- Comparison between how long one waits for the US during CS versus how long one waits for the US during the intertrial interval