1/ Simple past: Describe actions that happened at a specific time in the past

S + V-ed/V2

2/ Past continuous: Describes ongoing actions that were happening at a particular moment in the past

S + was/were + V-ing

3/ Past perfect: Describes actions that were completed before another action in the past

S + had + V-ed/V3

4/ Past perfect continuous: Describes actions that were ongoing in the past up until another action or point in time

S + had + been + V-ing

Present tenses:

5/ Simple present: Describes habitual actions, general truths, states of being and schedules

S + V (s/es)

6/ Present continuous: Describes actions currently in progress

S + be (am/is/are) + V-ing

7/ Present perfect: Describes actions that occurred at an unspecified time in the past and have relevance to the present

S + have/has + V-ed/V3

8/ Present perfect continuous: Describes actions that began in the past and are still continuing or have recently stopped

S + have/has + been + V-ing

Future tenses:

9/ Simple future: Describes a future event or a state of being

S + will + V

10/ Simple future continuous: Describes ongoing actions at a future time

S + will + be + V-ing

11/ Future perfect: Describes actions that have been completed by a certain future time

S + will have + V-ed/V3

12/ Future perfect continuous: Describes actions that will be ongoing up until at specific future moment

S + will have + been + V-ing

1. Present Simple: S+ V1 + O (an event is happening right now)

2. Present Continuous: S+ am/is/are + V_ing+ O (an ongoing activity that is happening now)

3. Present Perfect: S+ have/has + V3 + O (a past event that’s still happening in the present)

4. Present Perfect Continuous: S+ have/has been + V_ing+ O (an ongoing action that began in the past and  is still occurring in the present)

5. Past Simple: S + V2 + O (is used to describe an action that took place in the past and is now completed)

6. Past Continuous: S + was/were + V_ing + O (describes an action that was happening at a specific time in the past or was interrupted by another action)

7. Past Perfect: S + had + V3 + O (is used to describe an ongoing action that was happening before another action in the past)

8. Past Perfect Continuous: S + had been + V_ing + O (is used to describe an ongoing action that was happening before another action in the past)

9. Present Simple: S+ V1 + O (an event is happening right now)

10. Present Continuous: S+ am/is/are + V_ing+ O (an ongoing activity that is happening now)

11. Present Perfect: S+ have/has + V3 + O (a past event that’s still happening in the present)

12. Present Perfect Continuous: S+ have/has been + V_ing+ O (an ongoing action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present)

1.      Present Simple

S + Vs/es + O

Usage: habit, routine, truth
2.      Present Continuous

S + be V_ing + O

Usage: for the specific plaṇ̣, action which is happening around the time of speaking
3.      Present Perfect

S + have/has + Ved/pp + O

Usage: describe an action perform during a period and has not finished yet
4. S + have/has + been + V_ing
Usage: 
5. S + V2/ed + O
Usage: describe actions that finished in the past
6. S + was/were + V_ing + O
Usage: describe incomplete actions going on in the past. 
7. S + had + V3/ed + O
8. S + was/were + V_ing + O
9.      Future Simple

S + will + Vo  + O
Usage: offer, spontaneous decision, prediction, personal opinion
10.   Future Continuous

S +  will + be  + Ving + O
Usage: action will be in progress
11.   Future Perfect

S  + will + have + pp + O
Usage: action will be completed before a certain point in the future
12.   Future Perfect Continuous

S + will have been + Ving + O
Usage:  action will have been in progress for a period time before future

Structure

• Affirmative: Subject (S) + V (s/es) /to be (am/is/are) + O

• Negative: S + to be + not + O or S + don't/doesn't + V + O

• Question: to be + S + O ? or Do/does + S + V + O?

Usage

• Habit

• Facts/Truth

• Common situation

• States

2.Present Continuous

Structure

• Affirmative: S + to be (am/is/are) + Ving + O

• Negative: S + to be + not + Ving + O

• Question: to be + S + Ving + O?

  Usage

• Happening action now

• Near future

• Annoy habit

3.Simple past

Structure

• Affirmative: S + to be (was/were) + O or S + V(ed) + O

• Negative: S + to be + not + O or S + didn't + V + O

• Question: To be + S + O? or Did + S + V + O?

  Usage

• Action happened and ended in the past

• Habit and Fact occurred in the past

  
  

  4.Present perfect

  Structure

• Affirmative: S + have/has + V3/Ved

• Negative: S + have/has + not + V3/Ved

• Question: Have/has + S + V3/Ved?

  Usage:

• Action that happen in the past and continue occur in the present

• Action happen in the past without specific time

• Series actions continue up to now

  
  

  5.Simple future

  Structure

• Affirmative: S + will + V

• Negative: S + will + not + V

• Question: Will + S + V?

  Usage:

• Action happen no plan

• Predict happen in the future

• Action occur when a speaker is talking

  
  

  6.Near Future

  Structure:

• Affirmative: S + to be going to + V

• Negative: S + To be NOT going to + V

• Question: To be + S + going to + V?

  Usage

• Action happen with the plan

• Predict action that has evidence

  
  

  7.Past continuous

  Structure:

• Affirmative: S + to be (was/were) + Ving

• Negative: S + to be + not + Ving

• Question: to be + S + Ving?

  Usage

• Action was happening at the particular time in the past

• 2 action were happening at the same time

  
  

  
  

  
  

   - Usage: Used for actions that are habitual, general truths, or facts.

   - Structure: Subject + base form of the verb (+s/es for third person singular).

－ Auxiliary do and does for negative sentences and questions.

2. Present Continuous Tense:

   - Usage: Used for actions happening now or around the present time.

   - Structure: Subject + am/is/are + present participle (-ing form of the verb).

3. Present Perfect Tense:

   - Usage: Used for actions that happened at an unspecified time before now or have relevance to the present.

   - Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle of the verb.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

   - Usage: Used for actions that started in the past and continue into the present or have just stopped.

   - Structure: Subject + has/have been + present participle (-ing form of the verb).

5. Simple Past Tense:

   - Usage: Used for actions that occurred in the past.

   - Structure: Subject + past tense of the verb.

6. Past Continuous Tense:

   - Usage: Used for actions that were ongoing at a specific time in the past.

   - Structure: Subject + was/were + present participle (-ing form of the verb).

7. Past Perfect Tense:

   - Usage: Used for actions completed before a certain point in the past.

   - Structure: Subject + had + past participle of the verb.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

   - Usage: Used for actions that were ongoing for a period of time before another past action.

   - Structure: Subject + had been + present participle (-ing form of the verb).

9. Simple Future Tense:

   - Usage: Used for actions that will occur in the future.

   - Structure: Subject + will/shall + base form of the verb.

10. Future Continuous Tense:

    - Usage: Used for actions that will be ongoing at a certain time in the future.

    - Structure: Subject + will/shall be + present participle (-ing form of the verb).

11. Future Perfect Tense:

    - Usage: Used for actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.

    - Structure: Subject + will/shall have + past participle of the verb.

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

    - Usage: Used for actions that will be ongoing for a period of time before a specific future time.

    - Structure: Subject + will/shall have been + present participle (-ing form of the verb).

Ex: I studies English.

They is students.

2.Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
+ the confusing that two tenses express action in the past.

3. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous: Ss confuse about the time, both can use or express the present time.

   Ex: I am studying now.
   I study now.

2/ Switch tenses unnecessarily

3/ Forget to use the accurate verb forms (e.g: buy -> buyed)

4/ Forget to use the structures of tenses (e.g: It's the first time I traveled to China)

5/ Need to understand the context or meaning of the sentences, depend on the adverbs too much