Jeronimo duran

David sarmiento

Daniel herrera

Juan jose palacio

1The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) thrived between 3300 and 1300 BCE, alongside Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.

2 Cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa had grid-like streets, brick houses, and advanced drainage systems.

3 Unlike other civilizations, the IVC shows no evidence of monarchs or grand palaces, suggesting decentralized governance.

4 Homes had private bathrooms connected to a well-planned sewage system, highlighting their focus on sanitation.

5The IVC was among the first to cultivate and use cotton for textiles.

2. No writing system: The Incas didn’t have a writing system, but they used quipus, a tool made of ropes and knots, to keep records and share information.

3. Polytheistic religion: They worshipped many gods related to nature, like Inti (the sun), Mama Quilla (the moon), and Pachamama (the earth).

4. Advanced farming technology: They developed smart farming techniques, like terrace farming and irrigation systems. They also grew more than 200 types of potatoes.

5. Machu Picchu: This famous Inca city was built in the 15th century and rediscovered in 1911 by explorer Hiram Bingham.

Sergio

Antonia

Valeria

Emmanuel Bustamante

Camila

1. Advanced Writing System – The Maya developed one of the most sophisticated writing systems in Mesoamerica, using hieroglyphs to record history, astronomy, and mythology on stone monuments, pottery, and codices.

2. Mathematical and Astronomical Achievements – They created a positional number system with the concept of zero centuries before it appeared in Europe. Their precise calendar, based on astronomical observations, could predict solar and lunar eclipses.

3. Mysterious Collapse – The Classic Maya civilization mysteriously declined around the 9th century, with many cities abandoned. Scholars suggest possible causes like drought, warfare, overpopulation, or political instability.

4. Impressive Architecture – The Maya built massive pyramids, temples, and cities in the jungle, such as Tikal, Chichén Itzá, and Palenque. Some buildings were aligned with celestial events.

5. Chocolate and Corn Legacy – The Maya considered cacao a sacred drink, often used in rituals. They also cultivated and domesticated maize, which remains a staple food in Mesoamerica today.

1. Nicolas Rozo

2. Sebastián Garcia

3. Juan José Muñoz

2. Mayan medicine was used to treat wounds, illnesses and injuries using the leaves and plants.

3.They developed one of the most important writing systems of the ancient world.

4. They are creators of the most accurate calendar in the world.

5. They are the original creators of the number zero.

Luciana Arcila

Jean Paul Zurique

Sofía Lopez

Sara Castro

2. Hierarchical Society: The population was divided into citizens (free men with political rights), metics (resident foreigners), and slaves (with no rights).

3. Mythology and Religion: They believed in gods like Zeus, Athena, and Apollo, and their myths explained the origin of the world and natural phenomena.

4. Art and Architecture: They excelled in temples, sculptures, and columns (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian), with the Parthenon in Athens as a prime example.

5. Influence on Science and Philosophy: They advanced in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, with figures like Pythagoras, Hippocrates, and Archimedes.

María José Montoya

Reychel Camila Peñuela

Luciana Álvarez

2)Is the birthplace of the writing. The Sumerians create cuneiform writing around 3500BC

3) The code of Hammurabi, was created by king Hammurabi of Babylon in the 18th century.

4) The Mesopotamians were skilled astronomers.

5) They developed a sophisticated irrigation system that allowed them to cultivate the land and create a prosperous agriculture.

Tomás Arbeláez Ayala

Juan Sebastián Arevalo

Isabella Gómez Holguín

Salomé Roldán Rendón

1. World’s Oldest Continuous Civilization – China has a recorded history of over 5,000 years, making it one of the oldest continuous civilizations with rich traditions, philosophies, and innovations.

2. The Great Wall – The Great Wall of China, built over several dynasties, stretches more than 21,000 km (13,000 miles) and was constructed to protect against invasions from northern tribes.

3. Inventors of Paper and Printing – The Chinese invented paper around 105 AD and later developed the world’s first printing techniques, including woodblock printing and movable type, revolutionizing knowledge sharing.

4. Zodiac and Lunar Calendar – The Chinese zodiac follows a 12-year cycle, with each year represented by an animal sign. The traditional Chinese calendar is lunisolar, influencing festivals like the Chinese New Year.

5. Tea Culture – China is the birthplace of tea, with a history of over 4,000 years. Tea drinking is deeply rooted in Chinese culture, influencing global tea traditions, from green tea to elaborate tea ceremonies.

1. Muñoz

2. Rozo

3. Eliseo

   La maya no fuimos nosotros

Team members:

• Jose Miguel Arroyave Rincón

• Emmanuel Salazar Estrada

• Alejando Urdaneta Pineda

• José David Rangel Sanguino