Jocelyn Bettarelli - A.P. Seminar: Lit Map Presentation by Jocelyn Bettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma Visual Organizer en-us 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC 2026-03-17 11:59:34 UTC hello@padlet.com THEMATIC CLUSTER 1 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807660 Benefits of negotiations ]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807660 Context/ Introduction jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807661 (2-3 sources)
Patent drugs have been around globally for a while and before, I, was not aware of the actual affects it has on people, financially and mentally. Patent drugs are covered under patent protection, which means that only the pharmaceutical company that has the patent is allowed to manufacture, market the drug and eventually make profit from it. These manufacturers clearly do not seem to care much for their consumers since this situation has been going on for years. Historically looking at this, we need to understand why these drugs were invented and what the motivation was. Patent medicine drugs were usually created from a mixture of vegetable compound with alcohol, morphine, opium, or cocaine. At this moment in US history, the medical profession did not recognize the dangers or addictive natures of opiates. As a result, many doctors advocated the use of cocaine and other drugs. Drug patents help recoup investments that are incurred during the research and development stage. Drug patents can secure against infringement (copyright) cases, as competitors can easily duplicate the manufacturing of a drug. Obtaining patent protection is important to safeguard the innovative approaches used by pharma companies.

]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807661 THEMATIC CLUSTER 2 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807662 Consumers don't/refuse to understand the affects]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807662 THEMATIC CLUSTER 3 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807664 Solutions]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807664 Source 2 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807666 HISTORY OF PATENT MEDICINE
This article gives insight into patent medicine and what had to happen to make them come alive. The method of creating these patent medicines back in the 19th century were to use vegetable extracts laced with ample doses of alcohol. There are no specific methods that were displayed within this article of how the patents were specifically methodized. But, it does go over how the medicines were sold which made these patented drugs spread and diffuse to become more popular over the years. The article also shares how they were advertised to other people to make it become popular as well. This article creates a sense of bias towards the positivity towards these drugs also. Within the text, reading it, there was no negative wording, saying how it would badly affect the brain and/or body. It only shows a positive and a kind of necessity sense of bias of the drug like it was godly. At the end of the paragraph at the bottom, it states how there was support from Theodore Roosevelt. This can make the audience want to buy it because Roosevelt had a great and strong influence on people and if he supports these patented medicines, then we as his supporters and people should too. This article creates bias of support towards the patent drugs and showcases no kind of wording to share what could go wrong with it.]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807666 Source 3 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807667 ONE AND DONE SOLUTION
This solution isn't really a solution to the high price and according to my source, by skimming it through, this "solution" did not really effect or change anything.]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807667 Source 2 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807668 MAKING MEDICINE ACCESSIBLE : ALTERNATIVES TO THE FLAWED PATENT SYSTEM
This article was written by Fran Quigley and published on November 23, 2015. In the article, it lists multiple ways and examples for how the patent system is flawed and what to do to change it. The purpose was to exemplify what the world could potentially look like if these modifications were made. The methods that would be taken would be lowering the prices to make it more affordable because some patients are not financially prepared to pay for the drug. There have not been any final results as of now yet because these proposals are obviously there and present but there is a lot of widespread frustration and no motivation to change it. 
This article/source connects with the research question because it gives examples such as the TRIPS agreement to help decrease the prices for the drugs. By giving the readers this kind of information with different organizations that can help lower prices, it creates hope for the consumers. 

]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807668 Source 1 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807669 PATENT PROTECTION FOR PHARMACEUTICALS: A PLATFORM FOR INVESTMENT, MARKETS AND IMPROVED HEALTH IN THE AMERICAS
Overall, my understanding of this source is it tells the audience, what is happening globally and talks about countries where pharmaceuticals are weak and more so absent for the average citizen. The source told us a way they used : negotiation, once again. The method of negotiation seems to be very successful for pharmaceuticals to create strong connections to create a strong pharmacy for citizens to gain easy access to. This text gives history of different countries, for example, Latin America, where pharmacies are weak. It states how diseases are ver easily transported and moved around because of these weak pharmacies. These citizens have to protection to protect themselves and others. In order for everyone to be happy in the end, these people need a strong industry to protect their health. Directly in the text is states, “with strong patent protection, would bring important benefits in this region”. All of this data and information, historically, lets us know how these countries were infected and affected by having no strong patent protection. This connects with the research question because it gives intel on the history of what it is like to not maintain or have a strong patent system within where you live and how this affects people’s living status’. This source connects with the other source which focused on negotiating with other as well. Now, we know that negotiating can come a long way and can help resolve problems. 

]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807669 Source 3 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807670 PATENT PROTECTION STRATEGIES
One solution that was proposed in this source was combining two or more successful drugs into one tablet and marketing it as a whole new product. This strategy has been proven successful according to this source! Hopefully if we continue to do this strategy in the future and now, the singular drug price will decrease since now it is combined and not 2 separate drugs anymore. ]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807670 Source 1 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807671 LOWERING DRUGS PRICES BY PUTTING AMERICA FIRST
The author of this article is unknown. But by analyzing around the text and examining the official words, it is clear it is connected with the government and the White House. So, in other words, this source is very credible and believable due to it being from the Whtie House. The purpose of the article is not really on the historical lens but more of economic. The historical lens comes in the beginning by telling us readers what Americans finance on. It also listed ways that drugs prices have been regulated. One way that was said in the text was negotiating with the drug manufactuers to secure bargain prices, which left Americans to make up the lower-cost drug for the rest of the world. This historical lens gives us the background on how lowering the prices began. This lets us know what precautions were taken and what methods they used in order for this to succeed. This source is significantly different from other sources I have examined because it doesn’t give much information about the specific history but surely does give history about the method we used to lower drug prices, negotiation. Other sources I looked at, such as, “History of Patent Medicine”, that source gave a full, informational, historical lens on how petenting drugs intialized. This source was still very helpful though, nonetheless. This text doesn’t have a specific bias either. It just smoothly described what was done to help with lowering prices. This article connected to research question because it exemplifies a historical chart of the history of lowering prices and what method we used in order for it to happen. We can utlilize this method of negotiation and see how it worked/did not work in order to predict what we can change to make pharmaceuticals more affordable. ]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807671 Source 3 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807673 PATENT SOLUTIONS
The Hatch-Waxman Act is one solution out of 5 that was named in the source. It s a 1984 United States federal law that encourages the manufacture of generic drugs by the pharmaceutical industry and established the modern system of government generic drug regulation in the United States. This act instituted a carefully choreographed system by which brands and generics would litigate patents. The Hatch-Waxman Act makes clear that the only patents that can be listed are those that claim the “drug” or “method of using such drug. ]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807673 Source 1 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807676 POSITIONING AND NEGOTIATIONS : THE CASE Of PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING
I never really thought of how beneficial to simple act of creating connections and negotiating with people and companies can be. Making negotiations with, in this case companies, these people were trying to negotiate lowering the prices of these drugs so it is more affordable. And to my knowledge it was successful! This success then helps create more support for one another because of the compromise made. This text is more in depth than others as well and connects with my other 2 sources to help understand what negotiations do for consumers and pharma companies.

]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807676 Research Question (HISTORICAL LENS) How were patent drugs invented and why are these drugs a continued problem for consumers? jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807678 Group Research Question: How can we make pharmaceuticals more affordable for the average citizen?]]> 2021-11-01 13:50:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1858807678 Synthesis 1 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1875219927 These 3 sources discuss how negotiations are effective and what they do for consumers/how specific negotiations are helpful. Negotiating between pharma companies is important because it makes more collaborations between companies and allows more agreements to happen to alleviate the high drug prices and market the hopefully lower priced drugs more effectivly.]]> 2021-11-08 14:28:25 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1875219927 Synthesis 2 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1875344458 Some higher class people such as Roosevelt were even against the drug -- it says in the source -- and the audience still refused to believe him and how he was against it. The consumers still did not see the badness of the drug even though an influential person like Roosevelt openly said how it is bad. Patent drugs can be because can put lives at risk but these citizens seem to not have a care for their health and are slowly becoming addicted to the drug like I said in the beginning and this can get out of control.]]> 2021-11-08 15:02:38 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1875344458 Synthesis 3 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1875344894 There can be multiple solutions made even though we may lose hope overtime. Although, historically, there have been some set solutions on what to do based on the high priced patent drugs. Patent drugs hopefully, will lower prices more so it is more affordable to the average citizen so it attends their needs. ]]> 2021-11-08 15:02:46 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1875344894 Conclusion jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1881266686 In conclusion, patent drug prices are necessary for some people and need to be lowered so the average citizen can relieve them. In ways, as I have mentioned, out of my 3 sources, negotiating is one of the biggest solutions. This allows more connections to arise with other companies and then can creates ally-ships to help compromise a reasonable price for customers. There should be continued collaboration between scientists and attorneys in order to devise successful strategies to maximize patent protection while also negotiating a reasonable price as well.]]> 2021-11-10 13:37:43 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1881266686 Transition 1 to 2 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1881274099 While negotiations are essential and effective there can still be consumers that exist that are more stubborn and not believe or refuse to believe and see the visible flaws of the drug. --can lead to addiction because of the refuse again]]> 2021-11-10 13:40:17 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1881274099 Transition 2 to 3 jocelynbettarelli https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1881472378 Now consumers don't are being stubborn and refuse to believe the flaws which are the high prices this leads into not wanting solutions to fix these prices because they are being blind-sighted and see only half the picture in a way]]> 2021-11-10 14:40:52 UTC https://padlet.com/jocelynbettarelli/u8wkxlnsxxeaw2ma/wish/1881472378