·       Plantar Grasp Reflex:

·       Neonatal Neck Righting:

·       Crossed Extension:

·       Traction response:

·       Rooting Reaction:

·       Palmar Grasp Reflex:

·       Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (Prone, Supine):

·       Placing Reactions (Arms and Legs):

·       Moro reflex

·       Flexor Withdrawal:

·       Spontaneous Stepping:

·       Asymmetric Tonic Neck reflex (ATNR):

·       Neonatal Positive Supporting:

·       Suck Swallow reflex:

·       Galant’s Response (Incurvation of the trunk):

Integration: By the end of the third postnatal month

Position: Hold the child upright, on vertical suspension

Procedure: Brush the dorsum of the child's hand or foot against the tabletop

Response: The limbs lift in flexion, then are followed by extension as it to placed it on the table

Significance: Seen in CNS damage

Integration: 5-6 months

Position: Place the child in supine with the head in midline

Procedure: Support the infant's head and shoulders with hands and allow the head to drop back 20-30 degrees with respect to the trunk, stretching neck muscles

Response: abduction of the upper extremities with extension of the elbows, wrists, and fingers occurs, followed by subsequent adduction of the arms at the shoulders and flexion at the elbows

Significance: Part of the standard neurologic assessment of newborns, although frequently the component is variable, total absence of his reflex is usually indicative of neurologic abnormality

Integration: By the end of the third postnatal month

Position: Place the child supine with the head in midline and the legs relaxed

Procedure: Apply a noxious stimulus, such as a pinprick, to the sole of the foot

Response: Stimulated leg reacts with flexion at the hip, knee, and ankle, withdrawing the extremity

Significance: A withdrawal to a painful stimulus persists throughout life; however, it becomes localized to just a jerk of the ankle; the reflex is correctly named for the total withdrawal of the limb and is integrated in early life

Integration: by the end of the third postnatal month

Position: Support the child in vertical suspension with hands under the arms and around the trunk, then lean their body weight forward

Procedure: Hold the infant upright in vertical suspension, having the feet touching a supported surface. Then lean them forward to elicit stepping

Response: Alternating stepping movements occur

Significance: May persist, as in spatic diplegia

Integration: 2-5 months

Position: place child supine with head in midline

Procedure: Grasp child's wrists and pull toward sitting position

Response: Flexion of shoulders, elbows, wrists and fingers occurs.

Significance: Persistence will inhibit voluntary use of arms

Integration: 3 months

Position: Place child supine with head in midline

Procedure: Using your finger, stroke the perioral skin at the corner of the mouth, moving laterally toward cheek, upper lip and lower lip

Response: Infant turns head toward stimulus; if to lower lip, mouth tends to open

Significance: Is rarely absent when infant is not satiated; absence may indicate CNS depression

Integration: 4-11 months

Position: Place child supine with head in midline and hands free

Procedure: Place index finger into the infants hands with pressure over the metacarpal heads

Response: Fingers will flex around the examiners

Significance: Cannot utilize volitional reach and grasp until integrated

Integration: 6 months

Position: 1. Prone 2. Supine

Procedure: Observe the childs tone and posture in prone and supine positions. Child in prone, lift hea; evaluate presence of flexor tone. Child in supine, pull-to-sit, noting presence of extensor tone

Response: Prone, flexor tone dominates; child will not lift head. Supine, extensor tone dominates; child will not flex in pull-to-sit

Significance: Persistence will preclude ability to roll and to develop antigravity behaviors

Integration: Persists through life

Position: Hold child vertically under the arms, tilting child in space.

Procedure: Tilt child's body in all directions.

Response: Head orients to vertical position and is steady, maintained in proper orientation to environment.

Significance: Persistence will prohibit antigravity behaviors; this is at the starting point for Landau reflex.

Integration: 9 months

Position: Place child supine with head in the midline and legs relaxed.

Procedure: Place firm pressure against volar aspect of foot, directly below toes.

Response: Plantar flexion of toes occurs.

Significant: Indicates an immature attempt to maintain stability, should disappear in standing, coinciding with mature postural equilibrium.

Integration: Second trimester as mature neck righting develops

Position: Place child supine with head in midline.

Procedure: Lift and turn child's head to side.

Response: Childs body follows, "like a log" that is, nonsegmentally.

Significance: Often persists in the presence of spasticity; will prohibit normal de-rotative rolling.

Integration: By end of third postnatal month

Position: Place child supine with head in midline.

Procedure: hold one leg straight, apply firm pressure or noxious stimulus to sole of foot.

Response: Flexion, adduction, and then extension of the opposite leg.

Significance: Represents spinal cord neural networks that will lay the foundation for reciprocal pattern of locomotion.

Integration: 4-6 months

Position: Place child supine

Procedure: have child turn head to one side

response: extension of the arm and leg to which the face is turned occurs, along with flexion of the opposite limbs producing an apparent "en guarde" fencing posture

Significance: in normal development probably is reasonable for linkages between eyes and hads is not uncommonly apparent in motor behavior of adults and children with CNS damage; with present and obligotory prevents symmetrical behaviors hand to mouth may contribute to the development of scolisis

Integration: by the end of third trimester

Position: support infant in bertical suspension with your hands under arms and around trunk

Procedure: Allow feet to make contact with support surface

Response: co-contraction of lower extremity muscles occurs with limb support of minimal body weight

Significance: indicates normal muscle tone if persists may be associated with high muscle tone as in spastic diplegia

integration: 2-5 monts

position: place child in supine with head in midline

procedure: rhythmic suckling movements occur, lips tongue and jaw move synchronously

response: first down and forward then up and back

Significance: rarely supressed in nonsatiated infant may indicate CNS depression

integration: by the end of third postnatal month

position: place infant in prone (horizontal suspension) over your hand

procedure: stroke with pressure along a paravertebral line

response: trunk curves with shortening on the stimulated side

significance: may be useful in early evaluation of children with spina bifida to determine where trunk muscles are innervated