Period 6 Padlet by Lucy Jochaniewicz

Women’s Vote in Wyoming (1869)

250205vt — 2024-01-09 18:17:45 UTC

Definition: women’s suffrage was the movement of trying to give women the vote. Wyoming was the first state/territory to grant suffrage for women

Significance: Wyoming was the first state to grant suffrage along with giving them rights to hold public office, guardianship of minor children, and own and inherit land. After Wyoming granted suffrage to women, other states began to grant suffrage to women

People involved: President grant, john Allen Campbell, women’s rights/suffarage activists, women

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 (May 6, 1882)

250130hm — 2024-01-09 18:19:44 UTC

People

President Chester A. Arthur
American Workers in the West
Chinese Immigrants(especially workers)

Definition
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a law that banned the immigration of all Chinese laborers for ten years with t the exception of merchants, students, teachers, travelers, and diplomats. Many western American workers supported this act to protect their jobs.

Significance
The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first significant law that restricted immigration to the United States. It was also the only legislation to suspend immigration for a specific nationality. This act would end up creating a climate of racial hostility towards Chinese people in the United States.

Booker T. Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise” Speech (September 18, 1895)

250259mc — 2024-01-09 18:19:55 UTC

Booker T. Washington was one of the most well-known African American leaders. W. E. B. Du Bois was his biggest critic especially after his Atlanta Compromise proposal. Washington would speak in the name of the black people in the United States and addressed white Americans. His plan revolved around the idea of blacks establishing their own economic foundation. However, it included their acceptance of segregation in order to be able to develop economically. As a result of this compromise, blacks would accept discrimination and segregation but their eventual acquisition of money would lead to the break down of the “color line” and equal citizenship in the future.

Homestead Steel Strike (July 6th, 1892)

250107lj — 2024-01-09 18:20:07 UTC

The Homestead Steel Strike was a violent dispute in Pennsylvania between Carnegie Steel and the Steelworkers’ Union. Henry Frick, the chief executive, cut the pay of many workers and locked many workers out of the mill when the contract Carnegie had with the Union came to an end. The workers that were locked out went on strike, which caused Frick to hire the Pinkerton’s to infiltrate the union and break the strike. The workers on strike attacked the Pinkertons until they surrendered, injuring 300 of them. The Homestead Strike was significant because it turned the public opinion against the use of the Pinkertons, causing 26 states to outlaw them, and also tarnished the reputation of Carnegie and Frick.

Plessy v. Ferguson (May 18, 1896)

250259mc — 2024-01-09 18:20:37 UTC

Homer Adolph Plessy filed a petition against the presiding judge Hon. John H. Ferguson for claiming that he violated the 1890 law by sitting in a white only car. Plessy described himself as “7/8 Caucasian and 1/8 African,” and he argued that the 1890 law violated the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment. The court case is known for establishing the “separate but equal” belief, prompting the passage of segregation laws. Plessy v. Ferguson established “separate but equal” public accommodations for African Americans and whites including schools, restrooms, parks, theatres, restaurants, and drinking fountains. This decision was later overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.

The Populist Party (1892-1909)

250107lj — 2024-01-09 18:20:39 UTC

The Populist Party was founded by James Baird Weaver and Leonidas Polk in Omaha, Nebraska. It was a coalition between farmers in the South and West and urban laborers in the Midwest and Northeast. The Populist party advocated for the public ownership of railroads, a graduated federal income tax, and free gold and silver coins to encourage investment. The Populist Party is significant because it represented the interests of farmers and laborers and because it represented how the laborers and farmers could organize and have political impact

Dawes Act 1887 Katie

250218kw — 2024-01-09 18:20:42 UTC

The Dawes Act, also known as the General Allotment Act, or the Dawes Severalty Act, was signed into law on 1887 under President Grover Cleveland. The act was intended to assimilate Native Americans into the white American’s culture, by destroying their culture and traditions. The federal government took over ninety million acres of the Native Americans land and sold it to non natives. This would leave them with non native neighbors to assimilate them.

John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil Trust (January 10, 1870)

250130hm — 2024-01-09 18:20:51 UTC

People

Maurice B. Clark
Samuel Andrews
John D. Rockefeller
Henry M. Flagler

Definition
Standard Oil was an American oil production, transportation, and mining company that by the late 1880s controlled 90% of American oil refineries. On the basis that the company was conspiring to restrict trade, the Supreme Court forced the company to disband.

Significance
Standard Oil used various tactics to destroy competitors in the oil market, essentially creating a monopoly on the oil industry. As chairman of the company, John D. Rockefeller became one of the richest men of all time.

Panic of 1893 (May 3rd, 1893)

250107lj — 2024-01-09 18:21:24 UTC

The Panic of 1893 was one of the worst financial crises in America. The crisis was caused by a decrease in federal gold reserves, a decrease in the value of gold and silver due to the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, and a crashing of the stock market. The Panic caused 500 banks to close, 156 railroads to shut down, and many businesses to end, causing mass unemployment. The Panic of 1893 is significant because it was a financial crisis that affected every part of the country’s economy and because it caused a political change in the increasing support for the Populist party that resulted in the election of McKinley.

William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” Speech (July 9, 1896)

250259mc — 2024-01-09 18:21:32 UTC

This speech was actually delivered in Chicago, Illinois at the Democratic National Convention. William Jennings Bryan successfully gained his party’s presidential nomination after delivering this speech. He addressed the different ideas regarding the economy of the United States. He advocated for “free silver” in this speech rather than supporting the gold standard. This speech is widely known for his last line: “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” Bryan would later be unsuccessful in gaining the presidential chair after his loss to the Republican candidate, William McKinley.

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (January 16, 1883)

250130hm — 2024-01-09 18:21:46 UTC

People

Senator George H. Pendleton
President Chester A. Arthur

Definition
The Pendleton Civil Service Act required that government jobs be awarded based on merit rather than political affiliation. The act was passed to guarantee the rights of all citizens to compete for federal jobs.

Significance
This act completely overruled the precedent set by Andrew Jackson’s “spoils system.” It also created the first federal regulatory agency, the Civil Service Commission.

Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893)

250107lj — 2024-01-09 18:22:04 UTC

Frederick Jackson Turner’s frontier thesis was an argument in which Turner claimed that settling in the rugged parts in western United States was central in forming an identity and democracy separate from Europe. Turner claimed that the Frontier symbolized individualism and prosperity. He also stated that the frontier would influence American Democracy because the wilderness defies all control. Turner’s thesis is significant it because it laid the groundwork for the US’s future foreign policy, since he believed the frontier extended beyond. This led the US into relationships with Cuba, the Philippines, and other countries.

Haymarket Square Riot 1886 (May 4, 1886)

250130hm — 2024-01-09 18:22:16 UTC

People

August Spies
Adolph Fischer
Louis Lingg
Michel Schwab
George Engel
Oscar Neebe
Albert Parsons
Samuel Fielden

Definition
The Haymarket Square Riot was a strike, rally, and bombing that took place in Chicago. Four of the labor unionists that lead the incident were executed.

Significance
The Haymarket Square Riot initially created anti-union sentiment among Americans during the late nineteenth century. On the other hand, for unionists the events of that day would become a symbol of the international labor movement.

Election of 1896

250259mc — 2024-01-09 18:22:16 UTC

In United States presidential election of 1896, Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist William Jennings Bryan. The central issue surrounding this presidential campaign was the country’s economic status. This is due to the economic depression that had begun in 1893 known as the Panic of 1893. At this time, even the Democratic Party was split, differing between economic ideals and strategies. Uncertainty regarding the gold standard still existed. McKinley’s win was significant because it marked the shift of America from an agrarian nation to one of more urban interests.

Pullman Strike 1894 (May 11, 1894)

250107lj — 2024-01-09 18:22:31 UTC

The Pullman Strike was a protest and boycott of the railroads in the Midwest. It was because George M. Pullman refused to better the working conditions, increase the pay, and lower the working conditions of his employees, the railroad workers. This made the railroad workers go on strike, which greatly disrupted railroad traffic, and caused federal troops to break up the strike. The strike was unsuccessful because many workers lost their jobs and the conditions did not improve. The Pullman Strike is significant because by demonstrating the power of the working people, it influenced other labor movements, which would lend themselves to improved working conditions in the future.

Election of 1892

250259mc — 2024-01-09 18:22:39 UTC

The United States Presidential election was won by Democrat Grover Cleveland who beat Republican Benjamin Harrison. This election was significant because Grover Cleveland became the only president elected for two non-consecutive terms. The country would soon experience an economic depression that would be a struggle to overcome. This economic depression was known as the panic of 1893 which revolved around differing ideas about the gold standard in the United States of America.

American Federation of Labor Founded (December 8, 1886)

250130hm — 2024-01-09 18:22:44 UTC

People

Samuel Gompers
Women
African-Americans
Immigrants

Definition
The American Federation of Labor was founded to vie for gains in workers rights such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

Significance
The American Federation of Labor marked a new era of growth for the American labor movement. The AFL would bring together about 100 domestic and international unions as part of their adherence to craft unionism.

Andrew Carnegie “Gospel of Wealth” (June 1889)

250107lj — 2024-01-09 18:23:10 UTC

Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” was an article intended for the general public of the United States that describes the responsibility of philanthropy. The article makes those who are wealthy conscience of their wealth and advises them to donate to the poor. The “Gospel of Wealth” is significant because it highlighted that any surplus of wealth should be circulated back into society to support the country, which led to more philanthropist actions.

Jane Addams Hull House (September 18, 1889)

250130hm — 2024-01-09 18:23:14 UTC

People

Jane Addams
Ellen Gates Starr

Definition
The Hull House in Chicago was established to organize much needed social services in poor neighborhoods. The Hull House would also in legal situations represent and protect working women who ran the risk of losing company housing.

Significance
The Hull House became a landmark for the labor movement in Chicago. Jane Addams’s Hull House Settlement in Chicago would become a model for other such settlements. The Hull House would be a key factor in making Jane Addams one of the most prominent women’s rights activists.

“Seward’s Folly” (March 30th, 1867)

250222tw — 2024-01-09 18:23:18 UTC

The purchase of Alaska also known as “Seward’s Folly” was delayed by the Civil War; however, after the Civil War, Secretary of State, William Seward, agreed to the new Russian offer by Edouard de Stoeckl to purchase Alaska for 7.2 million dollars. This event was important because the U.S. stopped the Russian expansion into North America and allowed the U.S. to gain control of trading in the North.

Henry Bessemer “Bessemer Process” (1856)

250205vt — 2024-01-09 18:24:51 UTC

Definition: industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron. Main principle is to removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron.

Significance: Revolutionised steel production. His process was able to cut costs and manufacture a stronger and lighter steel on a larger scale. This process fueled the expansion of the railroad and helped birth modern cities and architecture

People Involved: Henry Bessemer

Battle of the Little Bighorn 1876 Katie

250218kw — 2024-01-09 18:29:29 UTC

The Battle of Little Bighorn was the battle between the united Lakota, Dakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes and the US military battled. This was caused by the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, guaranteeing the tribes possession of the Dakota Territory west of the Missouri River being broken. Custer was leading the US forces but was betrayed by his captains and killed by the united Tribes, leading to the momentary victory of the Lakota and Cheyenne. But after Custer’s death the US dedicated more forces to the fighting and most of the tribes fled to Canada.

Transcontinental Railroad Completion (May 10th, 1869)

250222tw — 2024-01-09 19:06:57 UTC

The transcontinental Railroad completion was the completion of the construction of the railroad that spanned throughout all of continental U.S. from the East to West coast. The railroad was primarily built by the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) and Union Pacific over public lands provided by the land grants given by the government. The Transcontinental Railroad was important because it let eastern and western goods be easily transported to the other coast which boosted trading.

Indian Appropriation Act 1871 (March 3rd, 1871)

250222tw — 2024-01-09 19:11:01 UTC

The U.S. Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which created the reservation system. In which the government forces Native peoples to move to and live on reservations, where it can better subdue them. This event is significant because it heavily harmed the Native populations because they were moved to lands unknown to them and completed the taking of Native land.

Forest Reserve Act 1891 & Forest Management Act 1897

250205vt — 2024-01-09 19:14:09 UTC

Forest Reserve Act 1891:

Definition: federal law that reversed past policy’s and authorized the President to designate public lands in the west that was then called “forest reserves” and national forests

Significance: preserved land for natural resources and future generations and stop exploitation and settlement in the west

People involved:Benjamin Harrison

Forest Management Act 1897

Definition: act passed to authorize the establishment of forest preserves to improve and protect the condition of forested areas to furnish a supply of timber

Signifance: further improved, protected,and bettered the forest preserves

People involved: Congress

Panic of 1873 Katie

250218kw — 2024-01-09 19:16:10 UTC

The panic of 1873 was a financial crisis causing a depression in the US and Europe under the Freedman’s bank. It was caused by a stock market crash in Europe leading to investors sold investments in American ventures, primarily railroads. Over 156 railroads failed due to this and so did many other businesses. This also greatly contributed to the end of reconstruction.

Carlisle Indian School (1879)

250222tw — 2024-01-09 19:17:00 UTC

Captain Richard Henry Patt founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania after the U.S. won wars against Native American tribes including the Comanche, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa. The purpose of this school was to assimilate the Native population into American society by making them forget their Native ancestry and become more like American Citizens. This is significant because it led to the forgetting of old Native traditions and how their religion is celebrated.

Munn v. Illinois (1876)

250222tw — 2024-01-09 19:22:41 UTC

A man named Munn who worked at a Chicago grain farm was found guilty of violating the maximum rate requirement; however he appealed the conviction which led to the Supreme Court Case of Munn v. Illinois in which the Court upheld the power of state governments to regulate private industries that affect "the common good."

Old” vs. “New” Immigrants from Europe (1890-1920)

250205vt — 2024-01-09 19:23:30 UTC

“Old”

Definition: immigrants from northern and Western Europe (often Protestants or Catholic ), came in 19th century, (Germany, Ireland, France)

Significance: immigrated for economic reasons

People involved: old immigrants

“New”

Definition: immigrants (often Jewish or Protestant) Came from southern and Eastern Europe, along with Asia (Poland, Russia, Balkans)

Significance: Came for religious freedom

People involved: new immigrants

Tammany Hall 1786 Katie

250218kw — 2024-01-09 19:25:37 UTC

The American political organization known as Tammany Hall, or the Society of St. Tammany, or the Colombian Order was founded in 1786 and incorporated in 1789 as the Tammany Society. It was lead by William Tweed who used the Society to unfairly tax immigrants, charge business for protection from crime bosses, and inflate the costs of tolls to uses the Brooklyn Bridge and city projects.

Interstate Commerce Act 1887 (February 4th, 1887)

250222tw — 2024-01-09 19:27:57 UTC

The Senate and House passed the Interstate Commerce Act which applied the Constitution's “Commerce Clause” to regulation of railroad rates which granted Congress the power to Regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States who agreed. This is significant because it boosted the federal government's power and further solidified the federal government over state government.

Indian Wars (Late 1800s)

250205vt — 2024-01-09 19:32:15 UTC

Definition: wars that include the Black Hills War, Cayuse War, Yuma War, Beaver Wars, Crow war, Black Hawk, Colonial period Indian Wars, Apache, etc. wars were fought between Native Americans and white settlers over the land and natural resources in the west

Significance: One of the wars (Apache) helped discover the gold in California, caused more immigrants to come to the west, moved our more natives

People involved: Native America Indian tribes, white settlers

Whiskey Ring Scandal 1875 Katie

250218kw — 2024-01-09 19:32:56 UTC

The Whiskey Ring Scandal of 1875 was a conspiracy where Treasury officials were bribed by distillers to not pay the government liquor taxes. This scandal lead to over $3 million dollars in stolen revenue and a severe blow to President Grant’s popularity as president. 238 people were indicted and 110 convictions.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Katie

250218kw — 2024-01-09 19:34:42 UTC

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was a more than 200,000 person labor union strike. They were striking against the Union Pacific and the Missouri Pacific railroads owned by Jay Gould. It was prompted by the third wage cut that year. It took private militias , the cost guard, and federal troops to end them and lead to at lest 10 deaths. This was the US’s first general strike ever, and it showed workers that they could take on the big corporations.

Bison Extinction (1870’s) Owen

250114ok — 2024-01-11 16:40:48 UTC

Factors such as horses being introduced to their natural habitats and competing for the same resources and these horses making hunting bison more efficient, a drought which disrupted their previously rich habitat, and over hunting by New Mexican bison hunters made the abundant bison population start to quickly dwindle. In 1873, the Secretary of the Interior claimed that it would be impossible to civilize the Native Americans as long as bison existed, so the Army provided free ammunition to hide hunters, which is one of the main reasons why the bison were driven to near extinction. By 1894, only one wild herd remained, which lived in Yellowstone National Park.

Jacob Riis’ “How the Other Half Lives” (January 1890) Owen

250114ok — 2024-01-11 16:42:35 UTC

Jacob Riis, who had lived in the poorer conditions of city life upon moving to the US, eventually started trying to spread awareness of the living conditions in some parts of New York, taking photos of slums to accentuate his point in his lectures and books, one of which being How the Other Half Lives. His writing style was extremely effective, even reaching future president Theodore Roosevelt, who personally responded to Riis to tell him he had come to help. This book also stimulated the first New York legislation that attempted to lessen the bad conditions of tenement housing.

Sherman Antitrust Act (July 2, 1890) Owen

250114ok — 2024-01-11 16:43:28 UTC

This act, named after Senator John Sherman for being an expert on commerce, outlawed any combination that could restrict trade between states and foreign nations, and it made it illegal to try to monopolize any trade within the United States.

McKinley Tariff (October 1, 1890) Owen

250114ok — 2024-01-11 16:45:41 UTC

This was a tax introduced on foreign goods, excluding luxury goods. Its purpose was to eliminate foreign competition to domestic industries, and a major effect of it was Hawaii eventually annexing into the US to avoid paying these taxes on their sugar imports.

Battle of Wounded Knee (December 29, 1890) Owen

250114ok — 2024-01-11 16:47:03 UTC

The US Army started cracking down on the native religion of Ghost Dance, and they arrested a band of Lakota traveling to Pine Ridge Reservation and kept them in a camp near Wounded Knee Creek. As they were recovering weapons from these refugees, a gun discharged and the soldiers opened fire on the refugees. By the time the shooting had stopped, hundreds of Lakota had been killed.

Social Darwinism (1880’s) Owen

250114ok — 2024-01-11 16:48:16 UTC

A loose set of ideologies based on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution through natural selection. Believers in this ideology used Darwin’s theory to make the claim that the powerful people of society got there through natural selection and were just better. This set of ideologies has been used to justify all kinds of inequality and supremacism since its introduction.