System calls are used to provide these services.

The kernel includes:

1. Scheduler: assigns the kernel's processing time to various processes.

2. Supervisor: grants permissions to each process to use computer system resources.

3. Interrupt handler: handles requests from hardware devices competing for kernel services.

4. Memory manager: allocates memory space for users of the kernel service.

The BIOS performs a Power-On Self Test (POST) to check hardware functionality.

It then looks for the Master Boot Record (MBR) on the primary hard disk, which contains a map of all partitions.

The Bootstrap Loader follows instructions to start up the computer and load the operating system.

In Early Kernel Initialization, a smaller core of the kernel is activated, including device drivers for RAM usage.

• Process Management

• File Management

• I/O Management

• Security and protection

• User interface

• Memory management

Deadlocks can occur when processes hold control of different I/O resources and refuse to release them.

Device management involves keeping track of connected devices, designating an I/O controller for each device, determining access to devices by processes, allocating devices efficiently, and deallocating devices when no longer needed.

It assigns access rights permissions to files and directories to ensure security.

Windows 

OS X

Unix/Linux

Chrome OS

•Server Class

Windows Server

Mac OS X Server

Unix/Linux

•Mobile Class

Android

iOS

Windows Phone

2. The Linux system offers strong security features, requiring authorization for each application and eliminating the need for antivirus software.

3. Linux is free to use, as it is distributed under the GPL license, unlike other operating systems that require expensive licenses.

4. Linux has lower system requirements, requiring less memory and disk space compared to other operating systems.

5. Linux is known for its stability, rarely experiencing system crashes or slowdowns, and maintaining high performance levels without frequent reboots.

7. The Linux operating system is flexible, suitable for desktop, embedded, and server applications, with customizable component installations.

8. Users have control over software updates in Linux, with faster update processes compared to other operating systems.

9. There are numerous Linux distributions available, offering various options and flavors to users, such as Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Linux Mint, and Arch Linux.

10. Many Linux distributions provide a Live CD/USB option, allowing users to try the system without installation.

11. Linux provides a graphical user interface (GUI) alongside its command-line interface, offering an interactive user experience similar to Windows.

13. Linux has a large and supportive community, with forums and open source developers readily available to provide assistance and support.

14. Linux prioritizes user privacy by not retrieving any private data.

15. Linux provides powerful networking support, making it easy to set up client-server systems and offering efficient command-line tools for server management tasks.

16. Linux is compatible with a wide range of file formats.

17. Linux has a quick and easy installation process, requiring less user input and suitable for older machines.

The operating system serves as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, with goals to execute user programs, simplify problem-solving, enhance user convenience, and efficiently utilize computer hardware.

When installing a new hardware device, no changes are required for users or applications, but the operating system needs to be updated with the necessary device drivers to control the new device.

When installing a new software application, no hardware changes are needed, but compatibility with the operating system should be ensured, and users may need to learn how to use the new application.

Changing the operating system requires ensuring compatibility with both applications and hardware.

System calls are used to switch between User and Kernel modes.