• verbal (spoken & written)

• non-verbal (body language, gestures, facial expression)

• visual (symbols, images, charts)

we can communicate with others in many different ways. For example:

• intrapersonal communication (talking with our own self)

• interpersonal communication (2-3 individuals)

• mediated interpersonal communication (using method such as computer, cellphone, smartphone)

• small group (2-3+) (to archieve goals)

• organizational communication (interactions of individuals in formal working enviroment)

• public communication (1 person: speaks to a large number of people)

characteristics of communication

• dynamic process (ongoing, transitory, brings change)

• symbolic (discreationary and subjective)

• systematic

  • setting

  • location

  • occasion

  • time

  • number of people

  • cultural setting

• involves making inferences (no direct mind to mind) (head nod)

• self-reflective (reflect on their past and present)

• has a consequence (all respond affect someone) such as sound and action

• complex

  • definition

  • situational

  • dramatic

  • verbal

  
  

1. Identity is socially constructed

   socially constructed:

   -a concept that exists not in objective reality.

   • it exists because human agree it exists.

   • created, reflected and maintained (interactions among people).

CHARACTERISTICS OF IDENTITY.

1. Multifaceted

   • (people have multiple identities)

2. Social and personal

   • ('i' and 'we' statement)

3. Salience and strength

   • Salience: the degree to which and identity is prominent or stand out in a given situation.

   Strength: the degree of importance of particular identity

4. Fluid and stable.

   • Social identities take shape according to whom we are talking with and what we are talking about.

5. Avowed and ascribed

   • Avowal: wish present or how you see yourself

   (your admission/ declaration of who really are)

   • Ascription: assigning in another person what you think his or her identity should be.

     (ascribed identities are personal, social or cultural identities that are placed on us by others)

6. Passing and outing

   • pass: to be in group/hide true identity

     the act of passing involves a person living their life as another race than their born identity (different race, an individual transforms their identity).

   • out: to express one true identity.

7. Performance and expression

   • Rituals and customs

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE SELF:

1. Self-concept

   • the way you see yorself

   • thought about your strengths and weakness

   • abilities and limitations

   • aspiration and worldview

   • two key parts: personal identity and social identity.

   • awareness and beliefs about your personality, character and values.

2. Self-awareness

   The extent to which you know yourself

   • open self

   • blind self

   • hidden self

   • unknown self

3. Self- esteem

   • self-evalution of a person about him/her own self

   • a measure of how valuable you think you are

   • it is the attitude one holds one one's own self.

PERCEPTION

• Which you become aware of objects, events and especially people.

• active process of creating meaning by selecting, organizing and interpreting people, objects events, situations, activities.

• result both from what exists in the outside world and from your own experiences, desires, needs and wants, loves and hatreds.

INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION

1. Physiological influences

• The senses

• Age

• Health

• Fatigue

• Hunger

• Biological cycles

2. Psychological influences

   • Mood, emotion

   • Self-concept

3. Social influences

   • Gender roles

   • Occupational roles

   • Social location

COMMON TENDENCIES IN PERCEPTION

1. We make snap judgement

2. We cling to first impression

3. We judge ourselves more charitable than we do others

4. We are influenced by our expectations

5. We are influenced by the obivious

6. We assume others are like us

THE POWER OF WORDS

• Create perceptions

• Influence thoughts

• Influence actions

• Affect and reflect culture

• Can critize and praise

• Can confirm and disconfirm

• Can make and break relationships

ASSERTIVENESS

• ability to communicate your needs, feelings, opinions, and beliefs in an open and honest manner without violating the rights of others.

THE IMPORTANCE OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

• Primary way we communicate our feelings and attitudes

• more believable than verbal messages

• work with verbal messages to create meaning.

• help people respond and adapt to others

• play a major role in interpersonal communication

PRINCIPLES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

1. Nonververbal messages

   • Accent

   • Complement

   • Contradict

   • Control

   • Repeat

   • Substitute

2. Nonverbal messages help manage impressions

   • To be likes

   • To be believed

   • To excuse failure

   • To get help

   • To hide faults

   • To be followed

   • To confirm and communicate self-image

3. Nonverbal messages help from relationships

4. Nonverbal messages structure conversation

5. Nonverbal messages influence and deceive

6. Nonverbal messages express emotions

UNDERSTANDING NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION CODES

1. Body movement and posture (KINESICS)

   • Emblems

   • Illustrators

   • Adaptors

2. Eye contact

   Functions of eye contact:

   • cognitive

   • monitoring

   • regulatory

   • Expressive

3. Facial expression

   noverbl communication and behavior:

   • happiness

   • sadness

   • anger

   • fear and surprise

4. Vocal cues/tones

5. Proxemics (space)

6. Territory

7. Touch (Haptics)

   • shows concern, caring, affection and understanding

8. Appearance

   • physical appearance: hairstyle, dress sense.

9. Temporal Communication- Chronemics

   -past

   -present

   -Future

HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR SKILL IN INTERPRETING NONVERBAL MESSAGES

1. Look for dimensions of meaning in nonverbal messages.

2. Use effective strategies for interpreting nonverbal messages

3. Be aware of limitations when interpreting nonverbal messages

   
   

• spend so much time listening (important learn to listen well)

• effective listening tends to be the least thaught and least understood communication skill

• assumed to develop naturally

• little attention is given to training individuals to listen effectively

IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING

• to acquire oral message from others

• this message is vital to the way we function in our everyday lives.

DEFINING LISTENING

• other aspects of communication is a process

• a process includes much more than just hearing sounds and understanding language.

LISTENING

• is a physical and phychological process that involves acquiring, assigning, meaning, and responding to symbolic messages from others.

• an active, complex process.

HEARING

• is a physiological activity that involves sound waves hitting our ear drums

MINDFULNESS

• focus attention on present moment, alertness, care, vigilance, carefulness.

ACTIVE LISTENING

Analysing the listening process:

• teh invisible, complex phonomenon we know as listening is more than merely hearing sounds or understanding.

• making sense of verbal and non-verbal messages.

THE 5 STEPS PROCESS OF LISTENING

1. RECEIVING

   Intentional focus on hearing a speaker's message

   (Still only hearing the message)

2. UNDERSTANDING

   We attempt to learn the meaning of the message

   (To understand what someone says, you must first decode it)

3. REMEMBERING

   Improve your memory of a message by processing it meaningfully.

   (3 types of memory)

   • immediate memory

   • short term

   • Long term

4. EVALUATING

   Judging the value of the message

5. RESPONDING

   Sometimes referred to as feedback.

BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE LISTENING.

• Enhances productivity

• Improves relations

• Avoid conflict

• Improves negotiation skills

• Improves understanding

• Helps you stand out

• People will appreciate it

OBSTACLES TO MINDFUL LISTENING

External obstacles

• Message overload

• Message complexity

• Noise

Internal obstacles

• Preoccupation

• Prejudgement (predisposition, preconception)

• Reacting to emotionallly loaded language

• Lack of effort

• Failure to adapt listening styles

FORMS OF NON-LISTENING:

1. Pseudo-listening

   Prentend to listen but is not listening to understand information

2. Monopolizing

   When one continues to focus the conversation on themselves instead of listening to another person.

3. Selective listening

   Choosing to listen to what is relevant or of interest to him/her and ignore what isn't.

4. Defensive listening

   Taking innocent comments as a personal attack

5. Ambushing

   Careful and attentive listening so as to collect information that can be used against the other person as an attack

ADAPTING LISTENING TO COMMUNICATION GOALS:

1. Literal listening

2. Listening for pleasure

3. Listening for information

   • Be mindful

   • Control obstacles

   • Ask questions

   • Use aids to recall

   • Organise information

4. Listening support others

CHARACTERISTICS OF LISTENING

L: look interested

I: Improve yourself by responding

S: Stay focus

T: Test your understanding

E: Evaluate the message

N: Neutralize your feelings

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT LISTENING

1. Listening and hearing are the same thing.

2. Listening is easy and automatic

3. Listening develops naturally

4. Anyone can listen well if he or she really tries

5. The speaker is primarily for the message and the success of the interaction

6. if that's what i heard, then that's what you said.

7. Attitude and listening are unrelated

8. People remember most of what they hear.

• refer to the connections and interactions between two or more people

ADVANTAGES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

• Lessen loneliness

• Gain self-knowledge and self-esteem

• Enhance physical and emotional health

• Maximize pleasures and minimize pains

• Secure stimulation (intellectual, physical, emotional)

DISADVANTAGES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

• Put in uncomfortable pressure and expose to vulnerabilities.

• Increases obligations

• Prevent from developing other relationships/ abandon other relationships

• Scare of possibilities

• Hurt your feelings

RELATIONSHIP STAGES

• created and constructed by individuals

• single relationshipa and actually contains multiple relationships

• developing toward intimacy and dissolution

SIX-STAGES MODEL OF RELATIONSHIP

1. Contact:

   Perceptual

   Interactional

2. Involment:

   Experimenting and testing

   Increase time together

3. Intimacy

   Commit to establishing a relationship

   Social bonding

4. Relationship deterioration

   Intrapersonal dissatisfaction

   Interpersonal deterioration

5. Repair

   Intrapersonal repair

   Interpersonal repair

6. Dissolution

   -Interpersonal separation

   -Social or public separation

   Movement in the stages

   -Exit arrows

   -Vertical arrows

   - Self-reflexive arrows

   Turning points

   - significant events

   -positive/negative

   - vary culturally

   Relationship license

   -permissions to break a rule

   -Reciprocal or non-reciprocal

   -usually implied

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

1. Friendship relationships

2. Love relationships

3. Family relationships

INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT

1. intimacy

2. Power

3. Personal flaws

4. Personal distance

5. Social

6. Distrust

PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT

• Negative effect

  Leads to bad feelings

  You close yourself off

  Increase costs

• Postive effects

  Resolves problems

  Improves relationships

  Demonstrates commitment to the relationship

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

1. Win-lose and win-win strategies

2. Force and talk strategies

3. Face-attacking and face-enhancing strategies: politeness in conflict

4. Verbal Aggressiveness and argumentativeness strategies

   
   

COMPONENTS OF GROUP COMMUNICATION

• Members

• Interaction

• Goals

• Working

• Interdependence

PURPOSE OF GROUP COMMUNICATION

• share and exchange information and ideas

• collect information or feedback on any project/policy/scheme

• arrive at a decision on important matters

• solve a problem which is of concern to the organization as a whole

• discuss issues related to a particular topic in relation to the group itself or for the benefit of a larger audience

• elaborate upon any work undertaken or research done in order to elicit feeback

INTERACTION IN GROUP COMMUNICATION

• Use verbal and nonverbal messages (meanings and establish relationships)

• requires interaction

COMMUNICATION PROCESS: BASIC ELEMENTS

• members

• messages

• channels

• feedback

• context

• noise

GROUP ROLES

A role is a pattern of behavior expected of a group member.

(3 types of roles)

1. Task roles

2. Maintenance roles

3. Disruptive or individual agenda roles

   Examples of task roles:

   • leader

   • initiator

   • opinion seeker

   • information giver

   • Devil's advocate

   EXAMPLE OF MAINTENANCE ROLES

   • supporter

   • harmonizer

   • gatekeeper

   • feeling expresser

   EXAMPLE OF DISCRUPTIVE ROLES

   • stage hog

   • Isolate

   • Clown

   • Blocker

   • Fighter

   • Cynic

ADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN GROUPS

• group performance

• member satisfaction

• learning

• cultural understanding

• creativity

• civic engagement

DISADVANTAGES OF WORKING IN GROUPS

• time, energy and resources

• conflict

• people problems

HOW TO SUCCEED IN GROUPS

• communicate effectively with culturally diverse members

• use language effectively

• convey a professional image

• resolve group conflict

• demonstrate leadership

BALANCE AND GROUP DIALECTICS

• Group dialectics

• Balancing group dialectics

• Individual Goals-Groups goals

• Conflict-Cohesion

• conforming-Nonconforming

• Task dimensions-Social dimensions

• Homogenous-Heterogeneous

• Leadership- Followership

• Structure-Spontaneity

• Engaged-Disengaged

• Open system-Closed system

• Which group of people maintain structure and order through their symbolic interactions and allow individual actors the freedom to acomplish their goals

STRUCTURATION

• Process of forming and maintaning structures through verbal and nonverbal communication

• established norms and rules governing member's behaviours

WHY SHOULD YOU LEARN ABOUT ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION?

• Can ask informed questions about everyday business practices

• develop communication skills that improve ability to succeed in the workplace

• improve the quality of your work life.

TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS

1. Economic orientation (products/services)

2. Political orientation

   (Generate and distribute power and control)

3. Integration orientation

   (Mediate and resolve discord)

4. Pattern maintance orientation

   (Promote cultural and educational regularity)

CENTRAL FEATURES OF ORGANIZATIONS

1. Types of organizational structures

2. Communication networks

   -Formal communication networks

   -Informal communication networks

3. Organizational assimilation

   3 assimilations into organizational culture

   1. Artifacts

   2. Espoused values

   3. Assumptions and beliefs

COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE IN THE WORKPLACE

1. Immediacy

2. Supportiveness

3. Strategic ambiguity

4. Interaction management

   CONFLICT MANAGEMENT SKILSS

   • AVOIDANCE

   • COMPETITION

   • COMPROMISE

   • ACCOMMODATION

   • COLLABORATION

THE DARK SIDE OF WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION

Aggresive communication

• Verbal aggressiveness

• Workplace aggression

• Workplace violence

SEXUAL HARRASMENT IN THE WORKPLACE

Sexual harrasment

• unwelcome

• unsolicited

• repeated behaviour of a sexual nature

• Quid-pro-quo (this for that)

• Hostile work enviroment (workplace conditions that are sexually offensive intimidating or hostile.

• Diverse values

• Goals

• Personalities intersect

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT CAN:

• Enhance problem solving capabilities

• Encourage healthy interpersonal relationships

• contribute to organizational innovation

CLASSES OF CONFLICTS

Organisational conflict can be classified into two types:

1. Functional (Constructive)

2. Dysfunctional (Destructive)

CONFLICT MYTHS

• Myth 1: Conflict is always destructive

• Myth 2: Conflict should be avoided at all costs.

• Myth 3: Conflict is a result of personal differences

• Myth 4: Conflict can be resolved by authority

  UNDERSTANDING THE TYPES OF CONFLICT:

  1. Task conflict

  2. Relationship conflict

  3. Process conflict

POWER AND CONFLICT

• Refers to the ability of individuals or groups to influence or control teh actions, beliefs, or behaviours of the other individuals or groups.

• closely interlinked concepts, particularly in organizational and social contexts.

• can shape the nature of conflicts, influence how they are managed and affects the outcomes.

TYPES OF POWER

1. Legitimate power

2. Reward power

3. Coercive power

4. Expert power

5. Referent power

6. Informational power

CONFLICT AND POWER DYNAMICS

1. Power imbalances

2. Power struggles

3. Resistance and compliance

MANAGING CONFLICT WITH POWER CONSIDERATIONS

1. Empowerment

2. Negotiation and mediation

3. Building relationships

4. Transparency

5. Fostering a collaborative culture

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES

1. Avoiding

2. Accommodating

3. Competing

4. Compromising

5. Collaborating

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT SKILLS

1. Active listening

2. Empathy

3. Effective comunication

4. Impartiality and neutrality

5. Problem solving

6. Negotiation

7. Stress management

8. Patience

9. Conflict De-escalation

10. Asserteness

• Refers to online tools and services which allow an exchange of ideas, information, videos, pictures and graphics

• allow users to create, share and interact with content

• enable real-time communication and networking

• used for personal, proffesional, educational and commercial purposes

TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA

1. Social networking sites

2. Media Sharing Networks

DISADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA

1. Privacy problems

2. Changes lifestyle habits, and it is sleep disruption

3. Lacks emotional connection

4. Reduces family intimacy

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA

• Connection and communication

• Information & Awareness

1. Social networking sites

   Example: Facebook, LinkedIn

2. Media sharing networks

   Example: Instagram, Youtube, TikTok Pinterest

3. Messaging and communication Apps

   Example: Whatsapp, Messenger and Telegram

4. Blogging and Publishing Platforms

   Example: WordPress, Medium, Tumblr

5. Others: Include discussion forums (Reddit, Quora)

   ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA

   1. Educational process

   2. Worldwide connectivity

   3. online marketing

   4. Information spreads fast

   5. share anything with others

   6. helps to achieve your goals

   7.