SOLUBILITY - Maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in 100g of solvent at a given temperature.

SOLUTION - a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances: a solute (the substance being dissolved) uniformly distributed within a solvent (the substance doing the dissolving).

SATURATED SOLUTION - a solution in which no more solute will dissolve, at a particular temperature.

Electrolyte - a substance that contains free ions, behaving as an electrically conductive medium.

Dissociation - a general process in which ionic compounds separate into smaller ions.

Dissolution/Dissolving - the process where ionic crystals break up into ions in water and getting surrounded by water molecules.

Precipitate - an insoluble solid that forms in a solution during a chemical reaction.    

What is the general trend here, showing how increased temperature affects solubility of salts in water?

Which compound is most soluble at 100 ^oC? 

At what temperature are NaClO₃ and KNO₃ the same solubility?

Identify the unlabeled graph.

What mass of NaClO₃ will precipitate out if a saturated solution at 100 ^oC is cooled to 0 ^oC? Show all your working clearly set out. (Assume the amount of solution used contained 100 g of water.) 

If 45,5 g of a salt is dissolved in a mass M of water, the resulting solubility is 15,3 g per 100g water. Calculate the mass M of water. 

Nature of Solute and Solvent:

• Similar substances mix well.

• Like dissolves like (polar dissolves polar, non-polar dissolves non-polar substances).

Temperature:

• Higher temperatures increase solubility.

• Higher temperatures give more kinetic energy to the molecules, allowing them to overcome intermolecular bonds more easily and dissolve faster.

Agitation:

• Stirring solids dissolve them faster.

Particle Size:

• Smaller particles dissolve better due to larger surface area exposed to solvent.

Other Substances:

• Other solutes can change how well a solid dissolves.

Temperature:

• Warmer liquids hold less gas; gas escapes more easily. Colder liquids hold more gas.

• Why?: Heat gives gas molecules more energy, making them want to escape from the liquid.

Pressure:

• Higher pressure helps more gas dissolve in the liquid.

• Why?: Increased pressure pushes gas molecules into the liquid, allowing more to mix in.

Type of Gas:

• Different gases dissolve differently; for example, carbon dioxide is better in water than oxygen.

• Why?: Some gases can form stronger interactions with the liquid, making them easier to dissolve.

Agitation:

• Stirring helps gas mix better with the liquid.

• Why?: Movement breaks up gas bubbles, allowing them to mix more thoroughly with the liquid.

Stirring / Shaking

Heating

Type of solvent used (change milk for water?)