2. How many hours do students sleep?

4. How do children with special memory skills learn?

2. What was difficult?

3. What would you do next time?

Good research questions, for example: How many hours do you listen to music per day?”

Then, comment on at least one other student’s question:

• Is it clear?

• Is it researchable?

• How could it be improved?

Comment on another student’s post:

Suggest how the researcher can avoid mistakes.

Better example:

Give 10 words → 1 minute to study → write down words → collect papers.

Write a better procedure for：

Test if music helps memory

Research idea: “Does sleep affect test scores?”

Materials: test papers, classroom…

So, ❌ what’s missing?

Example：

• “I play video games until midnight.” → category = entertainment

• “I use TikTok for too long.” → category = social media

• “I worry too much about exams.” → category = stress (academic)

• “The room is too noisy.” → category = environment

• “I drink too much coffee.” → category = lifestyle / caffeine

Read 5 short answers. 👉

Sort them into 2–3 categories.

Post your categories on Padlet.

Practice: Interview Question: Why can’t you sleep well?

1. “I keep checking my phone before bed.”

2. “I feel nervous about tomorrow’s presentation.”

3. “The lights in my room are too bright.”

4. “I drink bubble tea at night.”

5. “My brother plays music loudly.”

“Students who drink coffee before a test will score higher.”

• IV = Coffee / No coffee

• DV = Test score

  “Does listening to music improve memory?”

• IV = __________

• DV = __________

• Does listening to classical music while studying improve memory recall?

Example Research Question: “Does exercise before class improve focus?”

• Hypothesis: Students who exercise before class will focus better.

• Null Hypothesis: Exercise has no effect on focus.

in your notebooks and label one real-life example for each stage.

Example:

Encoding: You see a new classmate’s name written on the whiteboard and repeat it several times in your head. Storage: You remember your classmate’s name after a few days because you saw and said it several times. Retrieval: One week later, you see the classmate in the hallway and recall their name when you greet them.

• 2. “What kind of memory model might explain active thinking better?”

answer it with 3-4 full sentences

Post one example from your life when your memory failed.

💭 Example: “I forgot my password after changing it many times.”

1️⃣ What happened in today’s experiment?

2️⃣ What does it show about interference or context?

3️⃣ What helps you remember best in real life?

• Is it ethical to make people believe a false childhood memory?

• How could we test false memories in a more ethical way?

2️⃣ Identify one factor (other than context) that affects memory accuracy. (1 mark)

3️⃣ Explain one limitation of research into memory accuracy. (2 marks)

• Share one time your memory tricked you

• Explain which factor (interference, context, or false memory) caused it

🧠 Be creative — this helps you connect theory to real life!

💭 Think of a time when your memory failed or worked really well.

Post your example on Padlet with a GIF or emoji! 😅🧠

→ Discuss: encoding, storage, retrieval.

1️⃣ Write examples of your process (1 min).

2️⃣ Swap with another team — check if examples are correct.

🏆 1 point for each correct match.

💡 Key takeaway: how each process works in real life.

• Sensory Register 🎧

• Short-Term Memory (STM) 🧮

• Long-Term Memory (LTM) 📚

Discuss: capacity, duration, and coding for each store.

• Example: “You walk past a shop and see an expensive pair of shoes you love.”

  • Id: “Buy them now!”

  • Ego: “I’ll save up for them.”

• Super-ego: “It’s wasteful to spend too much on shoes.”

Scenario

1. You see your favorite snack in the fridge, but it belongs to your roommate.

2. You forgot to study for a test tomorrow.

3. Your friend tells a secret, but another classmate asks you about it.

Then discuss: Is the person aware of trying to forget this memory or feeling?

1. “After a car accident years ago, she can’t remember any details of what happened that day.”

2. “He was very angry with his teacher but decided to keep quiet and not show it.”

3. “Whenever someone mentions her ex-boyfriend, she quickly changes the topic to avoid thinking about him.”

4. “He has no memory of being bullied in primary school, even though others remember it clearly.”

5. “She avoids thinking about her grandmother’s death because it’s too painful, but sometimes she dreams about it.”

“Explain how the psychodynamic theory helps us understand why people forget unpleasant experiences.”

• Optional: Research one modern criticism of Freud’s psychodynamic theory.

At each station, students write a 2–3 sentence mini-answer

• “One thing I understand best now is…”

• “One idea I still need help with is…”

• “Today I realized that memory is…”

Example: “The most surprising thing I learned about biological rhythms today was…”

The student learned new math procedures today but completely forgot the steps the next morning.

decide:

• Is this NREM or REM related?

• Which part of restoration theory explains it?

Write a 2–3 sentence answer on mini-whiteboard.

A student feels nervous and emotional before exams but usually feels calmer the next day after sleeping.

decide:

• Is this NREM or REM related?

• Which part of restoration theory explains it?

Write a 2–3 sentence answer on mini-whiteboard.

A student gets sick easily after several nights of poor sleep.

decide:

• Is this NREM or REM related?

• Which part of restoration theory explains it?

Write a 2–3 sentence answer on mini-whiteboard.

Answer:

• What emotion is involved?

• How will REM sleep help tomorrow?

• Which brain area? (Amygdala)

Write a 2–3 sentence explanation.

• one sentence explaining “activation”

• One sentence explaining “synthesis.”

1. Falling

2. Teeth falling out

3. Being chased

4. Flying

5. Arriving late for exam

Explain: Activation–Synthesis Theory Theory or Restoration Theory? Why?

Write 2 strengths + 2 weaknesses.

• Manifest = hidden? (Yes/No)

• Latent content is…?

• Freud thinks dreams express…?

Your group should:

• Identify manifest content

识别表象内容（manifest content）

• Infer latent content

推断潜在内容（latent content）

• Identify dreamwork mechanisms

识别梦的加工机制（dreamwork mechanisms）

• Present with creativity (draw, act, meme)

用创意方式呈现（绘画、表演、做表情包）

• Questions:

  • Individual factors affecting prosocial behaviour?

  • Situational factors affecting prosocial behaviour?

  • Examples of helping, sharing, caring?

  • Gender differences in likely behaviour?

• “Yihan says: People learn to be prosocial by copying others.”

Write 2–3 sentences using biology (serotonin, oxytocin, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, genetics) to respond.

neurotransmitters allow messages to be passed from one nerve cell to another

Think of groups that describe your life. Family, hobbies, nationality, class, anything.

If you write ‘I belong to the group of people who hate homework’… yes, that counts too.

Questions:

• What groups are you part of?

• What characteristics do you share with them?

• How does it feel to be part of each group?

• How important is each group to your life?

During a typhoon, people help classmates, neighbours, or same-country citizens first.

Why? → They feel ingroup connection（内群体联系）.

Example:

“If two students from Macau see each other in another country, they instantly become best friends in 0.3 seconds. Boom—ingroup identity activated.”

Read Psychology in Real life on P147 and Discuss

• Why do you think people help on a global scale when there is a crisis?

• How could social identity theory explain prosocial behaviour on such a large scale?

• What can be learnt from this example of providing foreign aid?

(1) A basketball team member gets injured.

(2) A stranger from your city needs help.

(3) A classmate you rarely talk to needs help.

(4) A rival team student asks for support.

Must answer:

• Identify ingroup / outgroup

• Predict helping behaviour

• Explain using SIT

• Evaluate SIT (is it always correct?)

Key points you should include:

• Ingroup → more helping

• Identity strength matters

• Shared similarities matter

• Sometimes people help outgroup too

Critical Thinking Questions:

• Does SIT explain all prosocial behaviour?

• What about helping strangers in emergencies?

• How does social media create new ingroups/outgroups?

• Can SIT help explain bullying between school groups?

Task:

Think of a behaviour or skill you learned as a child or teenager

Explain it using those key terms:

• Attention

  • Retention

  • Reproduction

  • Motivation

Word Bank

social identity（社会身份）categorisation（社会分类）identification（社会认同） comparison（社会比较) ingroup（内群体）outgroup（外群体）favouritism（偏好）shared identity(共同身份) Levine(研究者) individual(个体的）cultural（文化的）

• ________ ________ refers to the part of a person’s identity based on group membership.

• Putting people into groups is called social ________.

• Taking on behaviours of a group is social ________.

• Comparing ingroups with outgroups is social ________.

• People are more willing to help members of their ________ than their ________.

• Helping ingroup members more than others is called ingroup ________.

• Prosocial behaviour can be explained by a ________ ________ with others.

• Evidence supporting social identity theory comes from ________ et al.

• A limitation of social identity theory is that ________ differences and ________ factors also influence prosocial behaviour.

• Create a cartoon strip or poster

• Show how prosocial media leads to prosocial behaviour

• Include parental mediation

Then rate youselves (1–10):

• Content / Creativity / Effort / Learning value

• Write a blog post for parents

• Explain how to encourage prosocial behaviour

Focus:

• Modelling

• Social Identity

• ingroup

• outgroup

• Genetics

• neurotransmitters

• Media use

• Parental mediation

Use your knowledge of social learning theory /social identity theory/biological explaination as an explanation for prosocial behaviour to write a blog post advising parents who want to make sure their children show prosocial behaviour. Your advice can focus on the importance of them and others around them as models, as well as the influence of media on prosocial behaviour and how they can ensure media has a positive effect on their children.