History Chapter 2 Mahoney Andi Kao by

1954 Brown v. Board of Education

kao2801 — 2025-04-03 23:28:56 UTC

The Supreme Court ruled that "no state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The case ruled that segregation was unconstitutional and struck down the doctrine of "separate but equal" derived from Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) is important to the assessment of MLs today because it established the right of all students to equal educational opportunities free from discriminatory practices.

1968 Title VII Bilingual Education Act

kao2801 — 2025-04-04 09:47:37 UTC

The Title VII Bilingual Education Act was an amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) enacted just four years prior. The amendment provided federal funds to programs specifically designed for MLs for the first time.

This amendment to the ESEA is significant for the assessment of MLs today because it paved the way for programming requiring dedicated training and resources that has made ENL and bilingual education a core component of public education.

1970 Diana v. State Board of Education

kao2801 — 2025-04-04 10:02:12 UTC

Diana v. State Board of Education (1970) mandated that IQ tests could not be the sole criteria or primary basis for diagnosing mental retardation (MR). A Spanish-speaking student, Diana, was diagnosed with MR after receiving a low score on an IQ test given to her in English. When a bilingual psychologist gave her the test, she did not qualify for special education.

Diana v. State Board of Education (1970) is significant for the assessment of MLs today because it established a precedent for distinguishing between content and language knowledge.

1974 Lau v. Nichols

kao2801 — 2025-04-04 10:21:57 UTC

Lau v. Nichols (1974) is a Supreme Court case establishing that language programs are essential to providing equal educational opportunities.

In conjunction with the ruling from Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Lau v. Nichols (1974) cemented the role of language programs in public education. Whereas the former established the right of all students to equal educational opportunities, the latter established the means for ensuring that right for MLs. Lau v. Nichols (1974) is important for the assessment of MLs today because the ruling is the foundation of language programs that have been fundamental in shaping educational practices associated with assessment and evaluation.

2015 NCLB Replaced by ESSA

kao2801 — 2025-04-04 16:19:16 UTC

In 2015, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) replaced No Child Left Behind (NCLB). The spirit of ESSA was to transfer decision-making power regarding public schools from the federal government to states and local districts.

The enactment of ESSA is important to the assessment of MLs today because it is the current regulatory framework through which the assessment of MLs operates. Under ESSA, all MLs are required to take math and ELA exams. States have some flexibility, however, in the use and interpretation of this data. States also have flexibility in deciding how to improve schooling and goal setting.