Aboriginer is the indigenous of Australia. They came from the southeast asian. They have lived undisturbed for 40 000 years. Some things can tell that they have lived undisturbed for 70 000 years. 

They lived in a clans and where hunters and collectors. In every clan there were two brothers and their wives and children. They moved around because the seasons change the access to food, so they never stay in one place forever. The women was collecting things to eat, to make clothes of and to make tools. The men was hunting with for example spear, boomerang and net. They made ritual dances to make the animals increase them self so they could eat them. 

The last group that lived the primary lifestyle was a group called Pintupi Nine, they were founded 1984.

The played and still play these days an instrument called didgeridoo. The instrument is cylindrical formed and 1-3 meters long. It’s often made of hardwoods.  The makers of the didgeridoo look often for an hollow tree with termite activity, because the termites eat the inside of the tree and make it hollow. When they find a hollow tree they cut it down, clean it and take the bark of. The outside is shaped and the instrument is done. Sometimes they put beeswax on the mouthpiece end.   

At the end of 18th century Australia startet to get colonized by british. Some humans was brought there as prisoners and some was soldiery. Many of the aboriginer died because of sickness that the british resulted. They also got shot and was seen as animals by the other persons. 

Aboriginer didn't have right to vote before 1963 and was counted as inhabitants.

2,7% of the inhabitants in Australia is aborigines, that's about 606 200 persons in 2018. Many of the aboriginer is addicted to alcohol or 🤬. About 1,5% of the australian aborigines was prisoners in 2005, and that was a reduplication since 2004. 

The aboriginer have their on flag. It was hoisted up on the national day of aborigines in Adelaide 1971. The yellow represent the sun and yellow ocher, red represent the earth and red ocher, and the black part represent the aborigines.

The aboriginer also have their own language, or many languages. They have 15 different languages. The biggest one is Kala lagaw ya. About 3000-4000 aborigines speaks Kala lagaw ya. You speak that in the central islands of Torres Strait Islands. 

Sources

https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Lagaw_Ya 

http://www.igelkott.com/Flaggor.htm 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo 

https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginer 

Ellinor and Olivia, 9D

Australia is home to a lot of dangerous animals for example some of the most poisonous snakes in the world. It’s also the country with the most reptile species in the world, 765 in total.

The former Australian fauna went extinct after the first humans discovered Australia, and even more when the Europeans corrupted the land.

Today many Australia's ecological regions, and species in these regions, are endangered by human activity and imported plants and animals. 

Koalas live along the the whole east coast of Australia. They are part of the marsupials family, they give birth to joey the size of a peanut which crawls into the pouch and spends 6 months in there. A koala can live up to 15 years and females can give birth to 10 joeys in their whole lifetime. Koalas only eat leaves from gum trees, there’s over 2,000 species of gum leaves but they only eat leaves from a few of those. They get all the water they need from the leaves which means they rarely have to come down from the trees to the ground. The gum leaves are a very low in nutritional and therefor Koalas sleep 20 hours per day to conserve energy.

Koalas closest relative is the Wombat. There are three species of Wombat, and they’re all endemic to Australia and a few islands close by. Just like Koalas and Kangaroos, Wombats give birth to a joey that lives in the pouch for a few months. When fully grown they measures up to 100 cm and 20-35 kilograms, they can run up to 40 km/h. In the wild Wombats only live 3-5 years while in captivity they can live up to 30 years!

Kangaroos are unofficially Australia’s national animal. They are described as the largest species from their family. A large male can be 2 meter tall and weighs 90 kg with their large and powerful hind legs. They have a large feet adapted for leaping, small head and a long muscular tail for balance. The female kangaroo have a pouch called marsupium in which the babys complete postnatal development.  

Egg laying mammals are incredibly rare in the animal world, Australia is one of the two countries in the whole world where you’ll find the platypus and the echidna. They are the only existing spiecis.

Green tree frog is an species of tree frog from Australia and New guinea. They are larger than the most of Australian frogs, they reaches 10 cm or more in length. The females can be longer than the males. 

In captivity, they may be over 16 years and it’s much longer than other species. They are suitable to live near human dwellings and are often found on window sills or inside houses and eating insects drawn by the light.

The green tree frog is one of the most popular pet frogs in the world, their docile nature and long life expectancy make it an attractive choice exotic pet owners.


Sources:
https://www.australia.com/en/things-to-do/nature-and-wildlife/australian-animals-the-koala.html

https://www.australia.com/en/things-to-do/nature-and-wildlife/australian-animals-the-wombat.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_green_tree_frog

https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien

But, the kangaroo wasn’t always as popular in Australia as it is now, because they had gained a really bad reputation for ruining fences and crops. But the animal gained increased popularity ever since the kangaroos inclusion on the Australia’s coat of arms in 1908. So, overtime the kangaroo has become a very well known symbol for Australia.

When it comes to Australian culture, the kangaroo has appeared on badges, coins, artwork, art exhibitions and logos, and in popular culture references, the kangaroo has made many appearances on tv shows, in games, movies and even songs.

The kangaroo has also gained a lot of recognition for their hopping. This helps them travel at incredible speeds and becomes very useful to them when searching for food. They’re able to reach the speed of  65 km/h and leap at about 3 metres high.

Some of the most common kangaroo species situated in Australia are the wallabies, red kangaroos and the eastern grey kangaroos. They are known as some of the largest kangaroo species out of the other existing 70 species.

The wallabies are most commonly found on the nearby islands around Australia and their lifespan in the wild is up to around 9 years. Some of the known wallaby species include, the shrub wallabies, hare wallabies, rock wallabies and the brush wallabies.

The red kangaroo is largest species out of them all and can grow to be around 2 metres tall. They also live to be around 23 years old and the habitat they are most commonly found is in open plains of grass.

The eastern grey kangaroos preferred place to live is among trees and in forests. They’re also known for hopping incredibly fast, they’re able to reach speeds over 35 miles an hour and they use this to their advantage when travelling long distances.

There is also the musky rat-kangaroo, which is known for being the smallest known kangaroo species and has the short lifespan of 4 years. They can be found in tropical rainforests situated in Australia.

Some other very well known habitats of the kangaroos include dry savannah deserts, woodlands and cliffs. But there are also times when the kangaroo will travel to places and habitats that they have never even explored before. Their main reason for doing is because they are searching for food.

The kangaroo is typically thought to only be found in Australia, but that is not entirely true. The kangaroo can also be found in some places in Tasmania and New Guinea. But, they are most of the time found in Australia and the smaller islands that surrounds it and is almost always associated with Australia and has become somewhat of a symbol for the country.

Sources:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/r/red-kangaroo/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo
https://www.kangarooworlds.com/kangaroo-habitat/

Thanks to Australians multicultural society you can find almost any variety of food in Australia. Australia's first inhabitants were the Aboriginal peoples. The Aboriginal peoples have for thousand and thousand of  years hunted and gathered their food in the Australian bush. That food is known as ´Bush Tucker´and it is still eaten today. Bush tucker includes crocodile, emu, kangaroo, witchetty grubs, bush tomato, yams and macadamia nuts. 

Much of this has been incorporated into cuisines and you will find these ingredients in the menu of cafés and restaurants in Australian cities. 

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POPULAR AUSTRALIAN DISHES AND FOOD

Vegemite is one iconic Australian food. A vitamin-rich, savory yeast spread which is often thinly spread on buttered toast. 

Pavlova is a traditional cake that is eaten a lot in Australia and New Zealand. The dessert is based on meringue. It is usually topped with cream and different fruits. 

Damper is a traditional soda bread that is prepared by swagmen, drovers and other travellers. It is a bread based on flour and is traditionally made in the coals of a campfire. 

Lamington is a tasty cake that is often referred as the national cake of Australia. It’s a square shaped cake with chocolate icing and desiccated coconut. It usually have cream and jam in the middle. 

Visitors in Australia usually take pictures of kangaroos. But the kangaroo can also be found as meat in the supermarket shelves and in restaurants menus. Kangaroo is usually eaten grilled with different spices.

There is a biscuit in Australia called The ANZAC biscuit. It is a sweet and crunchy baked goodie. It was made for the World War 1 soldiers.

Approximately about 35 million packs of Tim Tams are sold every year. The Tim Tam product contains triple chocolate layers. It is a chocolate biscuit with a filling coated in melted chocolate. The cookie is made by the company Arnott’s.

Another popular Australian dish is hamburger with beetroot. Beetroot is usually the final touch to the Australian burger. Most people started adding beetroot to their burgers in the 1940s. 

The chocolate bar Cherry Ripe was first introduced in Australia during the 1920s. It is Australia's oldest chocolate bar. You can eat it as it is but if you want to be a little creative you can make a Cherry Ripe brownie or for example a Cherry Ripe cheesecake. The Cherry Ripe has coconuts and cherries covered with dark chocolate.

One thing that is very popular in Australia is prawns. Since it’s summer when it’s christmas time in Australia the most popular food is barbeque. A lot of people eat different seafood on christmas. The prawns can be eaten differently some people grill them and some eat them as cocktails in a glass.

Witchetty Grub is a wood eating larvae of several months. It is considered as food in Australia. It tastes like chicken and contain a lot of protein. One larvae is containing as much protein as a steak. It’s edible either raw or cooked. When it’s cooked the skin becomes crispy like chicken and the inside becomes yellow like a boiled egg. 

BBQ is a very famous dish in Australia. The typical Australian BBQ is sausages, burger, steak and seafood. Australians have barbeques everywhere and they even have barbeque spots in different tourist places.

Lamb leg roast is a well known dish in Australia. It’s the spices that makes the dish delicious. The spices that are used are garlic, rosemary and olive. It’s usually served with baked potatoes. A lot of Australian families are gathered at sundays and they eat lamb leg roast as dinner or lunch. 

Meat pie is an Australian dish that a lot of people love. You can find meat pies in every house party, sporting venue and mornings after big nights. The meat pie is hand-sized and topped with tomato sauce. The pie is containing meat, gravy sometimes onion, mushrooms or cheese. It is a great takeaway snack. 

Thai food is something that is popular in Australia. And they also love pies very much. The Aussie variant of a green curry is Thai chicken curry inside a ple casing. 

The australians tend to eat three meals a day. Popular breakfast dishes eaten in the morning is like cereal, toast and coffee. Bacon, eggs, sausages and fried tomato are also popular dishes to eat in the morning. 

Lunch is eaten around 12- 2pm. It is usually a light meal like a sandwich or a salad. But now australians are just as likely to have curry, noodles, sushi or pizza for lunch. 

The main meal of the day is the dinner. The dinner is eaten on the evening and the australians love to eat outdoors. 

Meat is a core part of the Australian diet but more and more vegetarian eating habits are becoming common in Australia. On any restaurant or café menu in Australia you will find a vegetarian option. 

https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/australian-food/index.html 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlova_(food)  https://nomadsworld.com/australian-food-try/ 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cuisine 

https://www.goodfood.com.au/eat-out/best-of/top-10-iconic-australian-foods-20160125-gm8zqj 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchetty_grub 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_pie_(Australia_and_New_Zealand) 

Australia is the 6th largest country in the world, occupying an entire continent of some 7.6 million square kilometres. it's mostly desert or semi-arid, south-east and south-west corners: temperate, north: tropical climate, varied between tropical rainforests, grasslands, part desert. The geography of Australia encompasses a wide variety of geographic regions being the world's smallest continent but the sixth largest country in the world. 

The climate in Australia varies widely because the large geographical size. Most of the country has a tropical climate. But there is also areas with for example cold dessert. The city with most inhabitants is called Sidney, here is the average temperature in the summer around 18 degrees and in the winter is the average temperature 27 degrees. 

The economy of Australia is a large mixed market economy. with a GDP of a $1.69 trillion as of 2017. Australia is the second-wealthiest nation in terms of wealth per adult, after Switzerland. in 2016 Australia was the 14th-largest national economy by nominal GNP, the 20th-largest by ppp-adjusted GDP, and was the 25th-largest of goods exporter and the 20th largest goods importers. 

Australia’s major religion is Christianity with the major denominations including catholic and anglican.  Other big religions in Australia is Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. 

The government in Australia consist out of six states and two Territory ( Australian capital territory and Northern territory ). It's a three-layer system that controls the country consisting of a Federal government, State government and a Local government. Head of state are Elizabeth the second which is the queen of Australia.  

Australia is rich in natural resources. The country is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals such as iron ore and gold. Australia's largest export markets are Japan, China, South Korea, India and the US. 

The history of Australia refers to the history of the area and people of commonwealth of Australia and its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies. Aboriginal Australians arrive on the mainland by sea from maritime southeast asia between 40000 and 70000 years ago. The artistic, musical and spiritual traditions they established are among the longest surviving such traditions in human history.

The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem janszoon in 1606. Twenty-nine other dutch navigators explored the western and southern coast in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent new holland. 

In Australia is the English little specific, they has a unique accent. Australians have more than 200 spoken language. Mandarin, Arabic, Italian, Hindi and Greek is language many people also talk.

Monarch:Elizabeth II

Governor-General:Sir Peter Cosgrove

Prime Minister:Scott Morrison

Chief Justice:Susan Kiefel

Senate President:Scott Ryan

Time Difference:Australia extends over 13 time zones. If the clock is 09:00 am in Sweden is the clock in Australia 17.00.

Even though Australia is an island/continent quite far away for many people there are many celebrities from there that has become successful in the USA and worldwide. Some of them you may not even know are  from Australia. But we are going to tell you about a few of them. A movie that is quite popular at the time is The greatest showman. And the lead role in that movie is Hugh Jackman who is most known as Wolverine.  He was born 1968 in Sydney which is the capital of Australia. From the beginning he didn't even think of becoming an actor. He got a a degree in journalism. It wasn't until he got older that he became an actor by taking part in a musical. He is well known for the action movies he has starred in and now a little later on his carrier he also has begun singing and dancing.  In several talk shows he talks about how Australia and how wonderful he thinks it is. In an interview with Zendaya and Zac Efron he talks about christmas in Australia. And here is a clip of it:

The Hemsworth brothers is also three of Australia's most famous people.

Chris hemsworth is an actor from Melbourne who is 35 years old. Chris is best known as the marvel film star “Thor”. He’s also known from the movies Rush, Red dawn, The cabin in the woods and the sci-fi comedy “Ghostbusters”. He is married to the famous spanish actress Elsa pataky who was in the amazing film fast five and fast and the furious 6. Chris and Elsa has a daughter that's called India and they have 2 twin boys by the name of Tristan and Sasha.

Liam Hemsworth is the younger brother and is also an actor. He’s most famous for his role in the Hunger Games. He’s also known for movies like Independence day and The last song. He is engaged with the famous singer Miley Cyrus and they live with each other. Lately he’s been in the spotlight for adopting shelter dogs and rescuing them from being put down. The third and last hemsworth brother is  Luke Hemsworth. He is most famous for the tv series Westworld. And he is also the biggest of all the Hemsworth brothers.

5 Seconds Of Summer also called 5SOS is a pop-rock band from Australia. The band consists of the lead singer Luke Hemmings, Drummer Ashton Irwin, Bass Calum Hood and Guitar Michael Clifford. The band started in 2011. Their first big hit is called She Looks So Perfect, it was released in 2014. They recently released a new single called Youngblood it got on the top world list on spotify.

Rebel Wilson is an actress and a comedian from Sydney. She’s very well known for her role as fat Amy in Pitch Perfect. She has also been in How To Be Single, Bridesmaids, Night At The Museum and in all of those movies she had a comedic role. She is really known for her good confidence and very many people respect her. She also speaks in typical Australian dialect wich makes her even more likable.

Rebel studied at the Australian Theater for Young People. In 2003 she got an international internship and went to New York.

Sources: Wikipedia, Youtube,  https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Wilson, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Seconds_of_Summer, https://youtu.be/kx9QruLcrSE, 

The koala bear is a member of the animal family “Marsupials” where the kangaroo and the wombats are to. On latin the koala is named “Phascolarctos cinereus” and phascolarctos is the name of the specie and cinereus is the specific named of the koala.  The koala female is just more like the kangaroo female they have a pouch on their belly where they keep their babies until they are a half year then they sit on their mother's back until they are 3 years. Koalas normally eat around 2.5 pounds every day eucalyptus leaves which is a special tree family in the Australian country.The eucalyptus leaves are very poisonous but luckily for the koalas they have a long digestive organ called a cecum which allows them to break down the eucalyptus leaves unharmed  Koalas live in the trees with usually a group or a mob. There are not so many koalas left because half of the koalas have chlamydia wich is a disease. You can actually adopt a koala on the internet for 30$ per month. But i think it's not the easiest thing to take care of because they need the special leaves and there only existing in one area in australia. They sleep almost the whole day 18 hours to be precise so it's not the funniest animal to have as a pet. The koalas were almost exterminated by people mainly because of their fur because many people would buy the fur for a lot of mone. But the people did a great job to get the koala back because the fur got illegal to buy and now they almost got so many koalas that they had to cull some koalas because otherwise all the koalas would die because there was not enough food for every koala. The koalas actually have a vocal cord that makes them sound a lot bigger than they actually are. There mating calls sound kinda like a Pig but much longer and the same sound the whole time. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=23&v=ynSiIFxV1KE. Koala bears aren't “bears” they are actually “marsupials” and thats a group of mammals. These magnificent mammals get their name from an Abnormal term meaning “no drink”. Its believed this is because they get all there moisture from all the leaves they eat, and rarely drink any water at all.

sources: https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koala

  

Kangaroo Island is located in south Australia. Kangaroo Island is like a zoo without fence. You can see for example kangaroos of course, koalas, wallabies, penguins, echidnas and birds. You can also look at endangered australian sea lions. There is calm cloves, cliffs and hills along the coast. People say that Kangaroo Island give you Australia's best picture of animal life and the nature life. 

BONDI BEACH, SYDNEY

One of Australia’s most popular beach is Bondi Beach that is located i Sydney. Sydney is a city in Australia. Usually Bondi Beach is on pictures on postcards and the beach are also in tv-series. Every year thousand of people go to Australia because of the beautiful beach. Backpackers, workers, millionaires, people who will sunbath, swim and surf go there, everybody! Bondi is located 10 km from the centre. If you are in Sydney you must visit Bondi Beach, it’s almost obligatory!

GREAT BARRIER REEF

Great Barrier Reef is another place you must visit in Australia. Great Barrier Reef is the worlds eight miracle. It’s 340 000 square kilometer big and it’s 2000 kilometer along the Queensland’s coast. When you are there you can snorkel, dive, drive a waterscooter and go with a sailboat. You can also parachute above the reef, how cool?

GIANT DROP, DREAMWORLD

Australia have a giant merry-go-round called Giant drop. The Giant drop is located in Dreamworld on the gold coast in Australia. This merry-go-round is a free fall, 115 meters up in the sky. It corresponds 39 levels in ah high house! And the speed is up to 135 km/h!

You can swim with whaleshark on another reef called Ningaloo reef. This whaleshark can be more than 12 meters long. The weight on this whaleshark is over 20 ton. People who have do this thing say that it’s a big experience and they say that it feels like you are in a naturemovie. Everybody, even those who are experienced divers and snorkelers say that this becomes a memory for life. This coral reef is 260 kilometer long is a paradise under the water surface. This swims are between march and july because the whalesharks are together on the same place on just that time.  


Sources: 

Australia is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth the second. How come she is both the queen of UK and Australia? It all started when Australia became an independent country in 1901. They then weren’t able to be controlled by the UK but they still kept their queen. But as the queen’s home is in London, how does she manage her job in australia? The queen chooses a Governor-General based on recommendations from the prime minister. The Governor-General then takes on the duties of the queen and performs them in Australia. After five years a new Governor-General is recommended.

The government in Australia is consisting of three different parts which are : 

In Australia the parliament consists of 2 parts. “The house of representatives” which also is referred to as “the lower house” and “the senate” which also is referred to as “the upper house”.

The house of representatives consists of 150 members who have democratically been chosen. The members each come from an area in Australia with approximately the same amount of residents. As a result of which the big cities may have many representatives while the whole northern territory is just represented by one sole person. That would cause problems as the people living in the less inhabited parts would mostly be ruled by the city inhabitants. An example of a problem which could potentially occur could be that the city living people would like to have higher taxes on fuel, as the air gets polluted way quicker in smaller areas with loads of cars. Sounds like a fairly great idea for the city residents, whilst for the people living in the thinly populated areas this idea might sound horrible. They might have to drive far to get to their schools, stores etc, and as it is thinly populated the governments don’t see any reason to put in a lot of public transports as it would most likely be a waste. Which could mean that people living there might be highly dependent on their cars.

To prevent things like the mentioned above the senate was created. In the senate there are 76 representatives, 12 from each state(there are 6 states in AU) and 2 from each territory(there are 2 territories in AU).

A party or a coalition of parties with the most representatives in the house of representatives can form a government together. The leader of the government is the prime minister. Scott Morrison is the current prime minister. He’s part of the liberal party.

In Australia the three biggest parties are : the Australian labor party(ALP), the liberal party(LP), and the nationals party(NP). In Australia they have elections each third year. It is mandatory to vote in Australia and if you don’t you will get fined. In Australia they have an election every three years.

The table below displays how the parties did in the previous election in 2016 : 

Parties :  | ALP | LP | NP
House of representatives : | 69/150 | 60/150 | 16/150
Senate | 26/76 | 24/76 | 6/76

From the table we can see that ALP got the most votes out of the 3. But LP and NP are a coalition so they were able to form a government together. LP and NP are both center-right parties whilst ALP is a center-left party.

The party who wins the second most of the votes who isn’t in the government(without or within a coalition) becomes the opposition. The opposition is scrutinizing the government's actions to make sure they follow the various laws they’re bond within. They’re also supposed to give alternatives to ideas from the government.

Here are some of the things that the parties stand for.

ALP: Want higher taxes to fully fund schools and pre-schools and also parts of the medicare. To protect and and secure a future for their public broadcasts. They want to have Australia run by 50% renewable energy by 2030.

LP: They want more jobs and less taxes for the people who work to encourage more people to work. Keeping Australia safe is a big priority for them. They want to support the elders and the sick ones. 

NP: Want the agriculture to strive. They want to make more jobs and make Australia’s economy better. To make the regions of Australia more powerful. They want everybody to have  a free choice and a fair chance. They want to invest in more green areas and target to save Australia's unique and endangered fauna. Together with LP they’d like to target mental health problems.

Sources: