Tanneries companies are some kind of enterprises that transform cow skin into leather, for this process those companies use a lot of water and dangerous chemicals so that it doesn't rot and we can use it in bags, shoes, wear and all kinds of leather goods. There are some critical situations about water waste and the disposal to sewage or even worst directly to rivers, and the combination with those chemicals sometimes emit into the air smells and particles that contribute to air pollution. Directors that manage those companies must be responsible for applying better practices that mitigate these effects.

The cow skin has been used for centuries, since the beginning of many civilizations humans use it to protect themselves from the cold weather, but there was a problem, the skin rotted after a while. There was an old technique to prevent organic foods rot by covering all of them with salt, however ancient humans didn't do that because the smell was terrible. It was the Moroccan that discovered a tree that produces some enzymes that control the breakdown of the cow skin. This is the beginning of the tan process. After a lot of time some chemicals were invented to replace those enzymes.Since more than 300 years, tanneries companies were being created, almost all of them near to rivers, perfecting the process. Until now these companies used tannins and chrome mixed with other chemicals and a lot of water to stop the decomposition process and turn skin  into leather, but some companies still dispose of their waste and dumping disposals to the sewerage or even worse directly to rivers.

In total the surface of earth is more than three quarters of water, the human body is almost sixty percent of water. Water is essential to life and being a limited resource it is our responsibility to take care of it. There are some villages in Colombia in which water is more expensive than fuel. In addition, the majority of tanneries companies spend a lot of water in their productive process. Also this water mixed with dangerous chemicals is being poured directly to the sewerage and rivers affecting the environment.  Furthermore, these companies spend water in their cleaning process and watch their floors and tanks. Apart from the natural consequences, the excessive use of water produces an extra cost in the enterprise. 

There are many reasons why there exists air pollution, for instance: vehicles engines, coal boilers, human dispousers. The air contains countless particles suspended that affect the respiratory tract and sometimes the smell is terrible. Moreover, tanneries companies are situated in specific areas in the cities and in the process described previously when the combinations of chemicals with water add more air contamination that affect the community.

The administrative characteristics of organizations are the response to policies adapted and implemented from administrative theories, which can be of many tendencies: the bureaucratic type, personnel welfare, total quality, scientific administration or the administrative cycle. In Colombia, the strategic planning scheme has become a tool for administrative control, however in tanneries the common practices are scientific administration; when the most important characteristic is the specialization of work. That means that any worker does a specific job and no more, then none of the employees has responsibilities to reduce the consumption of water or the correct disposal of wastes.

The way in which management styles are applied and developed has effects on the company's environmental management and financial performance. The productive costs in Italian tanneries, 30% are used in chemical products, energy and waste treatment, clarifying that there are also financial commitments assumed by the companies as a way to achieve a productive transformation committed to the environment where they operate. This raises the promise of value and its possibility to add and capture value for the product they market.

Many are the problems related to the environment and many are the solutions proposed. However, the fact that water as a renewable natural resource is becoming more and more difficult to obtain is one of the greatest concerns of the world today and for the future of humanity. The purpose of this essay is to disseminate and raise awareness about the water problem in the world in order to understand that we have the power to take small actions to save water, so we all must do it.

Life on Earth exists thanks to the water, especially in liquid state. The “blue gold” as a resource, receives this name because it is important for our existence and life on Earth. Doctors, scientists, nutritionists and other health specialists recommend drinking between a liter and a half and two liters of water per day, but why? The answer is that water is the most necessary element for our life. Water represents 70% of our body, 95% of the weight of our brain; our blood contains 85% water and our lungs 90%. Each cell in our body contains about 70-80% of this liquid. Water is the medium where chemical reactions occur, such as in the manufacture of proteins, it is also the means of transport of ions and nutrients, it helps to cleanse our body of toxins, it participates in digestion, regulates our body temperature and other functions. If water is important for human beings, it is also important for other living beings. Plants need water to carry out photosynthesis and animals need to drink water just like us to hydrate themselves and for their body to carry out the rest of its functions. In addition, water helps regulate the temperature and climates on the planet, it is a CO2 sink and a supplier of oxygen, it is also the means of transport that carries nutrients to all areas of the planet so that they can be used by all organisms, and of course it is a source of energy. 

Climate change, coupled with overconsumption and some bad actions, are causing droughts and water shortages across many parts of the Earth. It is increasingly evident that droughts around the world are becoming more frequent and intense, as well as occurring at progressively prolonged periods of time. Nearly two-thirds of the world’s population is predicted to face water shortages by 2025. (https://earth.org/causes-and-effects-of-water-shortage/). In the 2018 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, climate scientists said that groundwater stored in aquifers, which provides 36% of the world’s domestic water supply for over 2 billion people, is highly sensitive to future climate change. How does climate change affect water scarcity in the ecosystem? At higher temperatures, evaporation also increases, a factor that reduces the total volume of available water. To complicate it even more, sea level rises due to global warming via melting, or due to the expansion of seas and oceans. In Colombia, the Environment Ministry explained in a 2021 report that climate change will affect the availability of water in Colombia: 100% of the country's municipalities present a high risk due to climate change. Additionally, in that same report it is established that 60% of the surface of Colombian glaciers has been lost in the last 60 years and the seasons of less and more rain have been exacerbated, causing losses such as the winter wave of 2010-2011, in which there were 11.2 billion Colombian Pesos in damages, 44% in habitat and 38% in infrastructure. Due to the geographical location of the country, the territory will be affected mainly by its water resources and its crops, which will result in big problems like the food security of the communities .

Here there are small actions that we can and must do to take action and save our water supplies:

Turn off the taps: Don't let your water consumption run out of control. Save 6 liters of water a minute by turning off your tap while you brush your teeth. Fix leaky taps  too – and stop what could be 60 liters of water going straight down the drain every week.

Shower with less water: Every minute you spend in a power shower uses up to 17 liters of water . Set a timer to keep your showers short and water-saving. Turn off the shower while you lather and apply shampoo, which means you'll save water and cut your bills.

Save up our dirty clothes: Washing a full machine load of clothes uses less water and energy than 2 half-loads.

Catch rainwater: The most practical solution is reusing and recycling water. For example, when you are taking a shower, don't misuse the cold water while the hot water starts out. In a container, catch that water to water the plants outside or flush in your toilet. This saves 200 to 300 gallons every month.

Other actions we must do: (1) Keep a container or bottle of drinking water in the fridge; this beats the inefficient tendency for running tap water to cool it for drinking. This saves 200 to 300 gallons every month. (2) Using a pail of soapy water, clean the car and make sure to drive it onto a lawn; the water used can help water the grass at the same time. Only use the hose for rinsing - this easy practice can save as much as 150 gallons when washing a car.

Water is the main component for life to exist and all living beings need water to live. Its existence guarantees the abundance of species and their ecosystems, therefore no action is superfluous when it comes to caring for water. The biological diversity that exists on our planet is essential to maintain the quality and quantity of water supplies. If we take care of the sources that supply us with this resource, we guarantee everyone's life in the present and the future. If we start with small actions to save water in our homes, we can do a big change for the environment and for the Earth.  So, we have the power to save the Earth, so we all must do it.

Since 2020, plastic has been a problem that is quite difficult to treat and control. The constant consumption and accumulation generated daily by humans has increased. This daily increase, in part, occurred due to the arrival of a very dangerous virus, the coronavirus,  which forced people to wear face masks permanently. For many this is not a problem, but for the environment it is since face masks contain plastic that makes them very difficult and slow to degrade. This in turn causes accumulation of garbage and plastic pollution.

Plastic pollution can be defined as the accumulation of not dangerous waste made with plastic, which has had a negative impact on the oceans, seas, cities, fields and rural areas that are part of our ecosystem due to lack of conscience and for not being eco-friendly with the environment. Although plastic pollution is a problem that has been going on for many years, 2020 has been one of the worst as a result of the declaration of the coronavirus pandemic, which is a problem that we must face as a challenge. Clearly the life we ​​had before changed drastically 2 years ago, where the mask became the protagonist of a fight against the disease.

On the other hand, several countries have had the same problem, alerting the ONU about the impacts of the mask on the environment, so they do not hide the big consequences that it entails, such as the fact that 70% produces a lot of pollution in the oceans, since it is difficult to degrade because it is an artificial material that has different chemical components that prevent it from deteriorating with water or with the sun, which means that it can last more than 400 years without degrading.

For Colombia this is a very difficult topic to deal with, our society has totally different points of view, creating divisions of opinion without ever searching for a solution. For this reason, it is more difficult to stop plastic pollution and save our world. But in reality, to what extent will human beings stop thinking about themselves and think about what really matters? We must bring out our inner self to save and protect our home and suggest to other people that they reduce plastic, that they start recycling at home, that they make good use of the mask on interior and exterior such as schools, universities and jobs, complying with the established norms in the different establishments.

To improve this situation and really help our planet, La universidad del Rosario, Los Andes and la Universidad Javeriana have carried out several experiments with particles and fungi to reveal and respond to the environmental and health problems caused by the mask. This project will consist of 3 stages, and each university will dedicate itself to one of them, inviting each person to reduce the use of face masks, suggesting the reduction of exits from their homes, and using technology and virtuality in a correct way to help a bit with this problem.

To conclude, young people, as the future of the country, must begin to make changes in our lives, in our way of thinking and acting, in the way we see the world and in the way we judge everything with which we do not  agree. Kindness has been something that we have been losing over the years, leaving aside the common good and thinking only of the benefit of each one; The pandemic changed our lives and among its many problems we find the misuse of the mask as an element of plastic content that has caused an increase in pollution and the bad use of waste. It's time to react, let's be conscience of the damage in a long and short term that we have been causing, let's look for solutions, make good use of plastic elements, properly dispose of the mask, take care of ourselves and our common home, think about the future so that our dreams are fulfilled and the hope of a better world is a reality.

There is evidence that melting from the glaciers is already responsible for about 4% of total annual global sea level rise. This unstoppable melting of glaciers is affecting the entire planet with extreme flooding and loss of biodiversity. It is imperative to find solutions. We cannot  wait for other people to do it , but we  have to take actions by changing our lifestyle and doing something for our planet and the future of new generations.

A glacier is a large piece of ice created by the fall down and accumulation of snow over time. Glaciers are known to be one of the world's available sources of freshwater, but the main concern is the amount of melted ice that is being dumped into the sea. In a new study published in June 2022 in Nature Geoscience, it is mentioned that from about 5,000 years ago and up to 30 years ago, the sea level relative to the coast has decreased steadily and the glaciers have been consistent. However, it is estimated that in the last thirty years, the decrease in sea level has been much slower, this is attributed to the rapid loss of glacial ice. Unfortunately, this coincides with a 2019 satellite study from the University of Zurich that warned that glaciers are slowly disappearing for more than half a century and we could lose more than a third of all glaciers by 2100. This study also revealed that the Loss of ice has reached 335 billion tons per year, which means 30% of the current rate of growth of the oceans.

The melting of ice and the rise in sea level at the poles slows down ocean currents, which leads to severe changes in the global climate. Nowadays we are seeing how Europe's climate is suffering extreme temperatures , that is in part because the great Atlantic current called the Gulf Stream maintains the climate in those areas, which are experiencing an ‘unprecedented slowdown’. These current changes will have major consequences for climate around the world, including changes in precipitation, with more rain in some areas and much less in others, and in air temperatures. These changes have drastic implications for lots of species, including humans.

Disappearance of species is a shocking phenomenon, since glaciers are the natural habitat of a vast kind of animals, both terrestrial and aquatic. Two months ago I was witnessing this melting in one of the largest glaciers in Alaska, Margerie, which visually is a spectacle but at the same time generates a feeling of nostalgia and impotence given the degree of awareness that climate change is generating. Just as an example, I would like to mention the beautiful polar bears that, according to what people from the region told us, are leaving the ice trying to survive. Most of them do not succeed because their mother teaches them to survive in their habitat and if they have to live separated from the ice, they don't know how to act, so they die very young. Because of that they are rapidly disappearing, as well as corals, fish, penguins and more.

Another big issue to mention is that accelerated melting of glaciers also means less water to consume, less hydroelectrics and less water for irrigation. This is having huge implications in our daily lives and definitely will impact it in bigger proportions in the near future. 

One of the main actions to reduce the melting of glaciers is to avoid carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which are mainly caused by human activities since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Producing more energy from renewable sources, traveling in vehicles that consume less fuel and using more efficient appliances are good ways to reduce energy consumption and, consequently, CO2 emissions. On the other hand, countries such as Chile, Argentina, Greenland and Iceland, among others, have stood out for seeking solutions that artificially produce or reduce the decrease in ice, as well as creating laws for the protection and construction of hydraulic water sources, fresh water for conservation and irrigation.

The melting of glaciers is having a strong impact on our planet due to the increase in the volume of water in the seas. Many species which depend on glaciers are becoming extinct since they are their only habitat. Another big issue is that in many places glaciers are the main source of freshwater which is also running out. Of course there are some changes in habits that we can make to help mainly reducing the greenhouse effect, but although any action, no matter how small, will help, it is very important that the different governments around the world begin to invest and allocate economic funds to stop the melting of glaciers. It is time to take severe measures, laws and global regulations that force us to limit activities and make us think more about the consequences of climate change. We are already seeing the impact of the melting of the glaciers, we are already experiencing it, and the time we have to stop it is also running out.

Bibliography-Consulted sources

To begin with, global warming today is confirmed as one of the greatest challenges of human civilization according to studies by the BBVA company, due to its popular motto of "creating opportunities". In addition to that, Its concept results from the increase in the greenhouse effect, a process in which the thermal radiation emitted by the Earth is trapped in the atmosphere due to greenhouse gasses (GHG). Their presence is natural and necessary to maintain the planet's temperature at habitable values. The problem is that emissions of gasses such as methane or nitrous oxide have skyrocketed compared to the pre-industrial era. "Recent anthropogenic GHG emissions are the highest in history," says the latest IPCC report. Also it is advancing rapidly, and  "which makes it very difficult, both for nature and for human societies, to adapt to new conditions", warns the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge of the Government of Spain.

Second, one of the examples of the problems that are related to global warming is the photochemical smoke that is generated in excess by pollution, mainly carbon dioxide, produced by the smoke from companies and cars. Additionally, that ends up reflected in acid rain, which generally directly affects the health of the earth. So some of the consequences generated on earth are: Extreme weather events, increasingly frequent and intense, such as heat waves, droughts, fires, cyclones or floods, negative effects on human health, among others.

Then, the only solution to take the right way to this problem is sustainable development, which is defined as the efficient management of production processes, in which the resources used are replaced by other resources of equal or greater value without degrading or endangering natural biological systems. Starting in the 1970s, scientists began to perceive that many of their actions produced adverse impacts on nature, which is why some specialists pointed out the evident loss of biodiversity and developed theories to explain the vulnerability of natural systems. Sustainable development is based on three factors: society, economy and environment. Additionally, it is applied to achieve human development goals while sustaining the capacity of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend, The desired result is a society, where living conditions and resources are used to continue satisfying human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system.

Finally, This phenomenon has big consequences for the health of the environment, which if it does not begin to be solved, could end with our planet. This is because global warming is also generating its respective negative problems as mentioned previously, which speeds up the irreversible destruction of planet earth. So sustainable development is the only solution to be able to reduce and solve all the damages that have occurred or will occur over time. Since, with this project you can get benefits completely, in different areas such as the economic and social part, adding care to the environment. So "The most efficient tool to combat climate change is your behavior."

The world of transport is changing, alternative energies, mainly electric, are on the rise. It is a booming market to use electrics vehicles -EV, mainly to achieve the globals goals to reduce the green houses and exhaust fumes. is necessary promote the uses of clean energies, that represents challenges in source of energies to manufactures, custom

EV have an electric engine powered by a battery as an energy tank. The  light commercial vehicles are responsible for 12% of CO2. By 2030, the European Union has a goal to reduce CO2 emissions by 55%, to achieve this goal it is necessary to replace the vehicles rather than use fossil fuels, but also review the battery cycle life and their final disposition to be friendly with the environment.

Nowadays, there are two main disadvantages that represent a challenge for entrepreneurs of new business models, the time to “refill” batteries and their final disposal; 

the EV´s owners are spending 6 or more hours to recharge, but in a near future, the market will offer the possibility to charge in 30 minutes, but what about batteries final disposal?, it is a big industry deal that also the combustion cars have today, than require to reuse the old batteries to generate a new or give a second useful life, even up to 15s and charging stations infrastructure, offering economic advantages to the involves.

 years of useful life, that is possible.

It is true that the EV require less maintenance than the traditional, because don't use engine oil, spark pieces, are cheaper in terms of fuel, EV´s owners spend $70-110 cop  per km, vs $225 cop per km with gasoil , that represent at least 50% of fuel savings in terms of money, but for the environment if is true than the use of EV reduce CO2, currently their manufacture process is not eco-friendly, the CO2 generated to produce one EV, is higher because the sources of energy are with fosil combustion not with cleans energies like wind or solar energy.

That topic is like the mistake “ what is first the chicken or the egg”, while the demand of EV increases, the source of clean energies, have to increase too to be sustainable in terms of reducing the carbon footprint of electric mobility.

Advertising is seen as lawyers and politicians.  People don´t trust in their words because they think they are always lying, but if we use their persuasion methods to change ideas and behaviors we could discover the power of rhetoric to solve most of our current problems like climate change, poverty and intolerance. If advertising can sell us many things we don’t need, it should also help to solve poverty, climate change and intolerance in the world.

One example of that is Dove, the brand of cosmetics that discovered that real women are more than model women and started to talk to them.  The “real beauty” campaign used for the first time real women, not perfect women, in their messages.  You could see fat women like a model in a Times Square billboard or black, asian and latina women in a television commercial and the sales improved a lot.  But the main point is not the sales, the brand connected with the women on an emotional level and gave them self esteem.  Nowadays, Dove has a program to prevent diseases such as anorexia and bulimia and develops a foundation to prevent bullying in young girls.

But advertising could do more than changing the stereotypes in communications, it could transform the products in itself.  SaltWater, a small brewery based on Seattle noticed that the plastic six pack rings for the cans, ended up in the ocean.  These plastic rings, made on plastic, affect the animals and the corals in the sea.  Most of the animals, like turtles and dolphins eat the rings and several of them die.  For this reason, the brewery developed a ring made of barley and wheat, two of the ingredients of their beer.  This ring was edible for the fishes and the other sea animals, in this way they change the damages caused by the rings and contribute to the preservation of the wild life.  This initiative was selected by Fast Company as one of the most valuable innovations in the search for alternatives to replace the plastic.  Nowadays, those rings are manufactured by many other breweries in the world and reduce the contamination across the planet in beaches and seas.

On the other hand, talking about poverty, advertising can also do a lot.  Google, the most consulted platform in the web, developed with a Colombian advertising agency a way to connect people that don't  have computers, smartphones or internet to access the information.  Through a simple free call from a conventional phone the people could choose, with the help of a robot operator, the information that they need.  They only have to ask a question and the robot tells them the answers.  This action has been installed not only in Colombia by Google, also in other countries in Asia and Africa.

To sum up, the brands and their advertising agencies could do more for the planet and the people not only sell products or services.  In fact, nowadays people demand more of the brands.  The consumers require actions and behaviors more ethical from them and the products that they buy.  They expect that the companies do more for them and for the planet.  In a way, they make sure that their money is helping good causes.

So, in my point of view, against ideals of destroy crops or natural fields, the people should have the protect mindset, against people working affecting natural components, the trees, trees leaves, maybe it is posible that some hunters are killing animals for getting benefits with those, also against them. Well, in Meta department is necessary to include some education weeks, about how they should be better in their crops, or against tree burning or exactly Identify how people to reducing deforestation in some crops in our country, like fields in meta or other places with crops. activities with probabilities bad decisions, so, for instance, the Poligrow company in a little town, is a big company that has a invest in Colombia with an objective to change lifes in there and also make more opportunities of jobs, but the only people who are changing problems about this is Poligrow. Let me show some things.

In additional to deforestation, Poligrow decided to create education programs with institutes there, in Mapiripán exactly, so with Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Institute created classes about “Protecting crops without diseases'' or “Monitor wildlife”, etc. These programs are still interesting until today for farmers, students, villagers and the government. So, according to this context, one possible solution against that we need to improve some environmental projects in high schools or college about “How we could fight against companies that are promoting currently deforestation as a normal process in colombians crops'' and after that  it’s easier around the world, exactly in Colombia, it could be better in our lives understanding as a main problem in Colombia that is affecting environmental and how to combat that. 

Things are going to be worse on our planet  if we dont change problems like these, we will never have real changes. The main reason for fighting this problems is trying to stop deforestation. Many natural fruits and after, to seeding of products on land and also to include in our homes. Is necessary finish those problems and to be better leaders in this topic.

To begin with, it is important to notice that the production of plastic bottles has a direct implication with climate change. As plastic production  relies heavily on fossil fuel extraction, this process contributes directly to the global warming phenomenon because of the emission of greenhouse gasses. Unfortunately,  the demand for plastic bottles has increased year by year. In fact, the water bottling process releases 2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere annually (www.officeh2o.com). Moreover, there are the negative effects of the landfills and the incineration of plastics.  The latter releases dangerous chemicals that are potentially risky for human health, while the former generates the loss of ecosystems and the appearance of pests, bugs and insects, also with consequences for human health.

Secondly, plastic is one of the most polluting materials on earth, it takes between 500 to nearly 1,000 years to break down. Sadly,  one of the greatest complications this is causing is related directly with the oceans which have become garbage dumps because of the large process of biodegradation affecting vulnerables sea ecosystems and species. According to the prestigious magazine Science and it´s studies, “...more than 8 million tons of plastic bottles end up in the sea each year and it is estimated that in the year 2050 there will be more plastic than fish”. This terrible issue is causing the mortality of aquatic fauna because fishes, turtles, and other marine species used to confuse bottles and plastic bags with food getting as consequence asphyxiated. Besides this worrying detail, when the plastic material breaks down and decreases in fragments in the sea, it produces micro plastics which contaminate as well marine animals which also ends up reaching the human being as food. 

So, what can we do in order to decrease the negative effects of the production of plastic bottles?. Seeing that the fabrication of these bottles increase year by year,  recycling is vital for its many benefits. As we saw previously, the production of plastic needs the extraction of raw materials and its process needs a lot of water and energy. If we recycle we will be saving vital resources and  the demand for these products will be less. Another important factor is that recycling plastic bottles at home contributes to the reduction of trash in the landfills which pollute the environment and deteriorate ecosystems; in addition, it is important to mention that recycling has a direct impact in the decreasing of air pollution because in some countries is common to use incineration of plastic to get rid of the material. Finally, all the process implies the creation of jobs especially in non qualified workers which could have a positive impact on the economy!

For those reasons, the role of  governments is crucial in order to create campaigns to educate citizens and  promote recycling at home, creating a consciousness of the impact that individuals have with its little actions. But, countries all over the world must acquire real and effective commitments involving the private sector in its policies taking care of the earth we have been deteriorating for decades in order to reduce carbon emissions because of the excessive demand for plastic and the inadequate use of vital resources.

To sum up, the recycling process is an urgent need. Countries must foster and apply recycling strategies in order to reduce the negative effects of plastic pollution on the environment because of its negative direct consequences on climate change. This will require lots of efforts changing our habits, lifestiles and establishing priorities from  governments in order to guarantee a better environment to future generations.