Poverty - Born into a life of poverty; they feel that they are oppressed by the situation they are put into and decide to join terrorist groups to seek a better life.

Sense of Identity - As a lone wolf, she lacks a sense of motivation. Hence, by joining a terrorist group, she has an identity and will be able to replicate the Islamic beliefs of the people in Syria. With identity, she can impress, impose, and implement her ideas in her community.

Injustice - they feel a strong sense of injustice, marginalized, oppressed. By joining a terrorist group, they can play a bigger part (main role) rather than the supporting role which traditionally are meant for women. (Oppression theory). Taliban prevented women from getting higher education in Afghanistan; women rebelled by joining women's rights groups against the Taliban. Taliban view this group as rebels.

Women, especially transnational radicalised women, are driven by emotional reactions to information about the suffering of others (who align with their own beliefs, e.g. same religion)

Women in areas of terrorist activities are more likely to join terrorist activity due to social motivators (close friends and family)

• Pull of male family members, especially husbands, is a strong motivator for women to join terrorist groups

Women may be drawn to terrorism due to revenge theory

• Loss of immediate family members to the actions of an opposing force (Chechnya Black Widows)

• Experiencing gender-based violence like rape

• More likely driven by emotional distress, disregard for life after experiencing loss, and feelings of vengefulness, expressed outwardly in the form of violence

Women can also be drawn to terrorism according to oppression theory / relative deprivation theory

• Religious, gender (defy gender roles), economic oppression and disenfranchisement