EIC453: E-PORTFOLIO by MUHAMMAD FUAD MOHD RENDEZ

2021888882 — 2022-05-12 16:47:03 UTC

MUHAMMAD FUAD BIN MOHD RENDEZ
(2021888882)

2021888882 — 2022-05-12 16:47:52 UTC

AISYA IRDINA BINTI ZAIHASRI
(2021494638)

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STUDENTS' DETAILS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

-Demographics of speakers

BACKGROUND OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH
-In North Central America

-In Yorkshire, England

ANALYSIS (For both Englishes)

-Phonemic Variations

-Prosodic Features

-Lexical Variation

REFLECTION AND CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

a. Phonemic Variation

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First and foremost, the analysis. Let's take a look on the Phonemic Variation. Findanyanswer.com has stated in their website that Phoneme Variation is also known as Free Variation. It is also may occur between allophones or phonemes.

Let's first know the meaning of phoneme. Phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in a language. For example:

BU
Bus- /bʌs/
Buzz - /bʌz/

By listening these two words, they will sound almost the same, but by looking at the transcription of the words, we can tell that they are different by looking at the last phoneme in each word, [s] and [z]. One small change in phoneme will change the semantic of the word. That is why it is important to pronounce words correctly by looking at the phonetic transcription of the words.

As for the analysis from the speaker's pronunciation, let's take an example from the word 'before' in the first sentence.

Yorkshire speaker- /bɪˈfɔ:/
Michigan speaker- /bɪfɔːr/

By looking at the phonetic transcription of the word 'before' from both speakers, the Michigan speaker tend to emphasize on the [r] compared to the Yorkshire speaker whereas he did not emphasize the [r] in his speech.

b. Prosodic Variation

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FUN FACT: Prosodic Variation is also called suprasegmental.

What exactly is a prosodic variation? It is a speech feature that focuses on tone, stress, pause, accent, rhythm, pitch, intonation, word break and volume or tempo.

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, February 28). suprasegmental. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/suprasegmental

Intonation:

For the first speaker, he had spoken, “I’m going to the petrol station Andrew”, in IPA format,/aɪ æm ˈgəʊɪŋ tuː ðə ˈpɛtrəl ˈsteɪʃən ˈændruː/. He started with a rise-fall intonation, while the second speaker had a fall-rise intonation and pressed on the name instead of the action from the sentence.

Stress:

For the first speaker, he said, “Can’t you just change your brother’s nappy just this once” in IPA format, /kɑːnt juː ʤʌst ʧeɪnʤ jɔː ˈbrʌðəz ˈnæpi ʤʌst ðɪs wʌns/ and stresses on the highlighted words while the second speaker was monotonous when it comes to the first section of the sentence.

c. Lexical Variation

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What is the lexical variation?
The diverse words and phrases we use to refer to the same objects/concepts are lexical variations.

In this case, our first speaker is British, and the second speaker is an American.

Fun Fact: When we handed them the list of sentences they had asked us if they could change the words in the sentences as they are not used to the words.

In this discussion, the words are different, but the meaning or object they are talking about is the same. In this case for this, we have compared the vocabulary being used between American English and British English.

Sentence by Sentence Analysis:
First sentence:

I think I am going to the loo, I promise you I am going to be back before you know it.

The highlighted word is a word to describe the toilet in the UK however it is not used similarly in America. Loo is written in IPA format as /luː/

Second Sentence:

Please hand me some potato crisps, my hands are full with these bags of groceries

The word highlighted, 'crisps' in IPA format is /krɪsps/ is a common word in British English to describe the American word 'chips'.

Third Sentence:

I’m going to the petrol station Andrew, oh and nice sneakers, are they new?

'Petrol station' /pɛtrəl steɪʃən/ is highlighted as it is a British compound word to describe the American word 'gas station'. The word 'sneakers'/sniːkes/, is an American word to describe the British word 'trainers'.

Fourth Sentence:

Can’t you just change your brother’s nappy just this once, I need to finish cleaning this wardrobe before your pa comes home.

'Nappy' /næpi/ and 'Wardrobe'/wɔːdrəʊb/ are both British words used to describe the American words 'diaper' and 'closet' respectively. The word 'pa'/pɑː/ is usually used in American families to call their father. Our British speaker mistook it as 'P.A' in other words, personal assistant.

a. Reflection

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b. Conclusion

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From this task, we learned that every English has their own uniqueness. The variation of language represents identity of people from a certain community or place. This will differ and make the community special in their own way as it creates a beautiful diversity on English language community. Hopefully, the English language will be embraced and spoken as well as learned by people from different age and background in order to ensure the continuation of English language. Let us spread this language to the people around the world to learn about language and enhance their skills in communicating in English effectively and successfully.

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For this assignment, we have utilized the primary data collection method (Figure 1) which is by interviewing two native people from two different countries. We have collaborated with two speakers from two different countries that utilizes English as a formal and informal language. The countries are United Kingdom and The United States of America.

We have prepared four sentences to be read by the two speakers and the speakers read out the same sentences in order to see their pronunciation in saying the same words. We then analyze their pronunciation by transcribing their style of pronouncing the words in the provided sentences.

a. Demographic of Speakers

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- The United Kingdom is consisted of four parts which are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

- According to brittanica.com, Yorkshire is located in the north-central part of England and known as the largest historical county in England.

- The history Yorkshire dialect is first recorded in the 400AD along with the arrival of Germanic tribes including Angles and Saxons to mainland Britain.

- The old English that was used at that time was brought along by the tribes and it was recognized by the name Anglo-Saxon.

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Second Speaker

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Phonetic Transcription

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Original Text:

1. I think I am going to the loo, I promise you I am going to be back before you know it.
2. Please hand me some potato crisps, my hands are full with these bags of groceries.

3. I’m going to the petrol station Andrew, oh and nice sneakers, are they new?

4. Can’t you just change your brother’s nappy just this once, I need to finish cleaning before your pa comes home.

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A short video that is informational and concise regarding the history of English in America.

Audio Recording of Second Speaker (North Central America Speaker)

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Audio Recording of First Speaker (Yorkshire Speaker)

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Yorkshire Dialect

This video is showcasing about two men having a conversation in Yorkshire dialect.

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First Speaker

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1. What is phonemic variation? - findanyanswer.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://findanyanswer.com/what-is-phonemic-variation

2. Primary data source. Sage Research Methods. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-design/n333.xml#:~:text=Primary%20data%20can%20be%20collected,compared%20to%20secondary%20data%20collection.

3. Wrona T. (n.d.). The People’s History of American English. Writer’s Room. https://writer.com/blog/history-of-american-grammar/#1

4. Ashraf Abu Fares (2019). British English and American English: History and Differences.International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation, 2(1).

DOI: 10.32996/ijllt.2019.2.1.21

5. OpenLearn from The Open University. (2011, Jun 24).

The History of English - American English (8/10).[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbvumrknAKs

6. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, February 28). suprasegmental. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/suprasegmental

7. What is phonemic variation? - findanyanswer.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://findanyanswer.com/what-is-phonemic-variation

8. YouTube. (2011). YouTube. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScELaXMCVis.

9. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Yorkshire. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Yorkshire-former-county-England

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION METHOD BY SAGE RESEARCH METHODS

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According to the website, other than interviews, the other ways to collect data through primary data collection method are surveys, field observation and experiments.

https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-design/n333.xml#:~:text=Primary%20data%20can%20be%20collected,compared%20to%20secondary%20data%20collection.

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