Conservative, children, women, ethnic groups or white people that were poor weren't considered as citizens.

This have the structure of the state that were, executive, legislative, judicial.

1861:

Slavery was permited and the Catholic church was the base of some institutions like education and can make decisions in the government.

1906:

The church no longer have the power to make decisions in the government and the taxes were eliminated.

The civil marriage was add and the divorce was allowed.

• Constitution of 1830:

• President: Juan José Flores

  • Foundation of the Republic: Established Ecuador as an independent nation.

  • Centralized Government: Strong executive power.

  • Citizens: Only men who where more than 21, or married, owners of a property, and had a profession could vote and were considered citizens.

• Constitution of 1861:

• President: Gabriel García Moreno

  • Strengthened Executive: Increased presidential powers.

  • Reaffirmation of Catholicism: Continued dominance of the church and gave a lot of power to the state.

  • Slightly Expanded Suffrage: Still limited but included more citizens.

  • Conservative Policies: Focus on protecting property and traditional values.

• Constitution of 1906:

• Eloy Alfaro

  • Secularism: Separation of church and state.

  • Liberal Reforms: Promotion of civil liberties and public education.

  • Universal Male Suffrage: Expanded voting rights to all men, removing property and literacy requirements.

• The constitution created a centralized form of government with three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

• The constitution declared Roman Catholicism as the state religion

• It was an exclusive and conservative constitution

• To be considered a citizen you had rigorous requirements and only they could vote

• citizenship could be removed

1861

• Made in the government of Gabriel García Moreno

• It persued modernizing the state

• The dominance of the Catholic Church, maintaining its influence over state affairs and education.

• some of the requirements to be considered citizen were removed

• Democracy in elections

1906

• It was a liberal-burgeois constitution

• The Catholic Church was separated from the state, they didn't own taxes anymore

• Civil marriage was added and divorce was permitted

• It had an increase in basic rights

• Conservatives didn't like it

To be male.

To be over 21 years old or being married.

To have properties of an approximate value of 300 pesos.

To exercise a profession or useful industry

Only the ones considered as citizens had the right to vote.

The constitution of 1861 inculded: Ecuador is considered a sovereign republic without any connection or subjected to a foreign nation. It also had the objective to make the national identity stronger

major changes were:

The elimination of the requirement of the economic value of the properties over 300 pesos and also to be over 21 and married.

People are protected related to slavery

Freedom of thought in press, respecting religion, decency, public morality and laws.

The abolition of the death penalty related to political crimes.

Democracy is established as an election mechanism. Only free citizens could vote.

To be elected as an authority, the candidate needed to earn 500 pesos per year.

The constitution of 1906 was set to recognize the authority of people since the congress declares the constitution in the name of people. The most radical change was the elimination of the requirement to have money to be elected as an authority.

Another major change was the removal of the Catholic church as a crucial part of the State and removing its access to power.

Source: Leadership 2BGU.pptx

The Constitution of 1830, Ecuador's first, emerged during a period of post-independence instability. It established a presidential system with strong executive powers and emphasized liberal principles such as individual rights and limited government interference in the economy. This foundational document set the stage for Ecuador's early attempts at democratic governance amidst regional upheaval.

In contrast, the Constitution of 1861 represented a shift towards centralization and authoritarianism. It increased presidential authority and reduced regional autonomy, reflecting efforts to consolidate power amid internal conflicts and external pressures. This period saw Ecuador grappling with issues of national identity and governance structure amidst a changing geopolitical landscape.

By the time of the Constitution of 1906, Ecuador was navigating challenges of modernization and economic development. This constitution sought to address these complexities by introducing reforms such as electoral changes and expanded civil liberties. It aimed to adapt to shifting social dynamics and emerging global influences while asserting Ecuador's sovereignty and identity.

These constitutions illustrate Ecuador's evolving political landscape and the ongoing quest to balance stability, democracy, and societal progress. Each document reflects not only legal frameworks but also the aspirations and challenges of its time, shaping the nation's trajectory into the modern era.

• It was the first constitution of our country.

• The powers of the state were divided into the executive, legislative and judicial power.

• Only men who had a property and a decent job or at least a proper education could have citizen participation.

1861:

• Catholicism was the oficial religion of the country.

• Some of the requirements to be considered as a citizen were removed.

• The executive power increased with more responsibilities to rely on.

1906:

• The Catholic Church lost power and influence in the country.

• It still persisted the requirements to be considered as a citizen and mostly of them were related to gender exclusion.

• The divorced was allowed and the civil marriage was added.

  
  

• It was the first consitution in Ecuador, it was divided in organic and dogmatic. In the dogmatic part was divided in Executive, legislative, and Judicial

• It was a very conservative consittution

• You were recognized as a citizen only if you were 21 or above or you were married, and if you have a patrimonium of 300 pesos or more

1861:

• This constitution eas made because the population wanted to moernized the state, it was made during Gabriel Garcia moreno presidence.

• The cathilic Church was the most popular religion in Ecuador.

• The church was declared a crucial part in The goverment and it do a lot of desisions

1906

• This was a consitution that the hicgh classes denied it.

• it was considered as a liberal consitution

• The catholic church lost power and influence in the desisions made by the state

• some of the requirments were abolish

• Divorce was implemented

Constitution of 1830-->Centralization of Power: Strong emphasis on a centralized government to establish stability and control in the nascent states.

• Limited Suffrage: Voting rights were typically restricted to landowning males, excluding a vast majority of the population from political participation.

• Church Influence: Significant influence of the Catholic Church in state affairs, reflecting the societal norms and values of the time.

  
  

Constitution of 1861-->This period saw increased tensions leading to civil wars and regional conflicts, requiring

adjustments in governance structures.

• Federalism: Introduction of federalist principles to accommodate regional autonomy, aiming to reduce internal conflicts and accommodate diverse local interests.

• Expanded Suffrage: Gradual extension of voting rights, though still limited, reflecting an evolving view on political inclusion.

• Secularization: Reduced influence of the Catholic Church in governance, marking a shift towards secular state policies and the separation of church and state.

  
  

Constitution of 1906-->The turn of the century brought industrialization, social movements, and demands for more inclusive governance.

• Universal Suffrage: Significant expansion of voting rights to a broader segment of the population, including non-landowning males, and later extending to women and indigenous populations.

• Social Rights: Introduction of social and labor rights, reflecting the influence of labor movements and increasing awareness of workers’ conditions.

To be considered a citizen, you needed to be a male, be over 21 years old, and have properties worth more than 300 pesos.

Children, women, ethnic groups, and poor white people weren´t considered citizens.

The state power was divided into executive, legislative, and judicial.

1861 constitution:

Government of Gabriel Garcia Moreno.

The elimination of the requirement of the economic value of the properties being over 300 pesos and also being over 21 years old and married.

Abolition of the death penalty related to political crimes.

Only free citizens could vote.

Indigenous people, Montubians, afro descendants, and others weren´t considered as citizens.

1906 constitution:

Elimination of the requirement to have money to be an authority.

The removal of the catholic church as a crucial part of the State and removing its access to power.

The constitution of 1830 was so classim, discriminatory, racism and all the things that are bad in society. I can not criticize at all bacause that's how it was in those times.

In the contitution of 1861, some things became better like the elimination of the requirement of having an economical value of properties over 300 pesos and also to be over 21 and married, and the abolition of the death penalty related to political crimes. But it still was so conservative because Gabriel García Moreno establish that the church was th most important thing in the state.

A important change happen in the contitution of 1906, the removal of the Catholic church as a crucial part of the State and removing its access to power. Also there is a recognition to the freedom of cults, civil marriage is implemented and divorce is allowed.

The foundation of the new nation was established by Ecuador's first constitution, which was adopted in 1830. It was divided into two main sections, one covering fundamental rights and the other the structure of the government. The executive, legislative, and judicial branches comprised the three divisions of the government. This was an extremely conservative constitution. You had to be married, at least 21 years old, and the owner of property valued at least 300 pesos in order to be recognized as a citizen.

Constitution of 1861:

The 1861 Constitution was created during Gabriel García Moreno's presidency to modernize the country. It emphasized the importance of the Catholic Church, which was declared an essential part of the government. The Church had a major role in many state decisions, reflecting its strong influence in Ecuadorian society at that time.

Constitution of 1906:

The higher classes were against the 1906 Constitution because they considered it to be liberal. It greatly diminished the Catholic Church's authority and sway over governmental matters. The removal of numerous prior limitations on citizenship and voting has increased system inclusivity. The right to divorce was also established by this constitution, demonstrating a move toward more contemporary ideals.

Established Ecuador as a separate sovereign state from Gran Colombia.

Defined Ecuador as a republic with a centralized government.

Introduced basic civil liberties and rights, though these were limited to a small segment of the population

Constitution of 1861:

Strengthened the powers of the executive branch, aiming to provide stability amidst political turmoil.

Continued to limit political rights to a small elite, excluding indigenous and lower-class populations.

Constitution of 1906:

Strengthened civil liberties and expanded political rights to a broader segment of the population, including indigenous peoples and women.

Reorganized the government structure, emphasizing decentralization and local autonomy.

Introduced social reforms and aimed to modernize Ecuadorian society and governance.

1. Centralized Power: The president was the one who had all the authority and power within the legislative, judicial and executive power

2. Abolition of the Huasipungos: The 1830 constitution introduced land reforms, including the abolition of communal land ownership.

3. Voting system: Only male and landowners could vote. The constitution excludes the majority of the population, including women, indigenous people, and the poor.

Major changes in the Ecuadorian constitution in 1906 aimed to address social and political issues of the time.

1. Voting system: The 1906 constitution expanded voting rights to include literate men over the age of 21, regardless of property ownership.

2. Worker’s rights: The 1906 constitution introduced provisions to protect workers' rights, including the establishment of an eight-hour workday, minimum wage regulations, and the right to strike.

3. Secular constitution: The 1906 constitution emphasized the separation of church and state.

   
   

It was too conservative, so if you want to be Ecuadorian citizen you must be men, have 21 years old and have a certain amount of money, church was part of the state.

1861

Catholic Church was part of the state, deleted the request to be citizen as in 1830 constitution.

1906

Eliminated the church as a main organ of the state, civil marriage and divorce was allowed

The Constitution of 1861 emerged during Gabriel García Moreno's presidency, a time characterized by conservative and authoritarian rule. It reinforced a strong centralized government and enhanced presidential powers, while solidifying the Catholic Church's influence in state affairs, particularly in education and social policy. This constitution embodied García Moreno's conservative vision but provoked resistance due to its centralization and church influence, contributing to political instability.

The Constitution of 1906 was introduced during President Eloy Alfaro's liberal reform period, aiming to modernize Ecuador and reduce the Catholic Church's influence. It promoted secular education, civil liberties, and sought to modernize the economy and infrastructure. This constitution marked a significant shift towards liberalism and secularism, fostering educational and civil rights reforms. However, it also sparked conflicts between liberals and conservatives, leading to ongoing political turbulence.

Was the first constitution, and was set up by creoles in order to establish their own rules and ideologies that were considered exclusive and conservative.

To he considered a citizen there were some derequirements like being over 21 years or being married, or had approximately 300 pesos in properties.

This constitution didn't consider women, children and ethnic groups as citizens.

1861:

The constitution promoted by Gabriel García Moreno came up with the objective to make the national identity stronger and modernice the state, besides impousing exclusive and conservative ideologies. The catholic church was the base of the institutions and It changes the requirements to be considered a citizen:

It removes the requirement of the economic value of the properties over 300 pesos and the requirements of having 21 years or being married.

1906:

This constitution was set in the name of people, and recognized their authority. One of these major changes was the removal of the Catholic church as part of the state. It implement more recognition to rights like: the rights of innocence, right of having freedom of thought or vote and rights of property

1830 Constitution

1. Foundation of the Republic: Ecuador was established as an independent republic.

2. Organization of the State: Creation of a central government with three branches (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial).

3. Rights and Freedoms: Inclusion of initial individual rights and freedoms.

1906 Constitution

1. Secularism of the State: Separation of Church and State, promoting freedom of worship.

2. Educational Reform: Public, free, and secular education, with compulsory primary education.

3. Expansion of Rights: Introduction of more basic civil, political, and social rights.

1961 Constitution

1. Social and Economic Reforms: Promotion of social justice, including agrarian reform and labor rights.

2. Development of Democratic Institutions: Strengthening of the electoral system and control mechanisms.

3. Expansion of Fundamental Rights: Greater focus on human rights and fundamental freedoms.

1. Constitution of 1883: This constitution was enacted after the fall of Ignacio de Veintemilla's regime. It marked the beginning of a period of relative stability and was inspired by liberal ideals. It focused on decentralization and strengthening regional autonomies, as well as guaranteeing individual rights and the separation of powers.

2. Constitution of 1897: The liberal revolution of 1895, led by Eloy Alfaro, pushed for the creation of this new constitution. This document reflected the liberal and anti-clerical ideals of the revolution, including the secularization of the state, the promotion of free and secular public education, and the elimination of ecclesiastical privileges.

3. Constitution of 1906: Also influenced by Eloy Alfaro, this constitution wanted to eliminate the liberal reforms . It most important goals were the definitive separation of Church and State, the elimination of ecclesiastical and military privileges, and the modernization of the educational system. Universal male suffrage was established, and civil and labor rights were promoted.

The reasons for these changes were linked to the conflicts between conservative and liberal forces, social movements in favor for the modernization of the state and secularization, and the need to adapt the legal framework to the new political and social realities of the country.

The Constitution of 1861 represented an important change with respect to its predecessors. He eliminated financial requirements for citizenship, introduced proportional representation for the provinces in the chamber of deputies, and developed direct and secret universal suffrage for most public officials. This constitution also prohibited the immediate reelection of presidents and introduced freedom of expression and thought as constitutional rights.

The Constitutional Charter of 1906, on the other hand, maintained the extraordinary powers granted to the president, which had been a recurring theme in the constitutional history of Ecuador. This charter preserved the powers of the president in its articles 83 to 85, ensuring the president's ability to impose measures in times of crisis.

These three constitutions reflect the evolving balance of power between the executive and legislative branches, as well as the growing emphasis on democratic principles and representation. Each constitution built on the previous ones, addressing the needs and concerns of the time while also shaping the country's future.

Throughout these periods, Ecuador's constitutions reflected efforts to establish stable governance, define national identity, and address socio-economic issues. However, political instability, regionalism, and challenges in implementing constitutional provisions often hindered these objectives. We can conclude that it has changed drastically in efforts to modernize the structure and administration of the government relate with the Ecuadorian constitution 1906.

Only white men over 21 years old or married who had properties over 300 pesos and excercised a profession were considered citizens. Children, women, and many other ethnic groups weren’t considered as citizens.

The state was divided into 3 powers: Executive, judicial, and legislative.

1861:

Ecuador was considered as a sovereign republic. And there were some major changes such as the abolition of the death penalty related to political crimes, democracy was established as an election mechanism, but only free citizens could vote and to be elected as an authority, the candidate needed to earn 500 pesos per year. Indigenous people, montubians, afrodescendants and others weren’t considered as citizens yet. The Catholic religion was declared as the official religion and the State was obliged to protect it.

1906:

The major changes made in this constitution was the elimination of the requirement to have money to be elected as an authority. Also the removal of the Catholic church as a crucial part of the State and removing its access to power.

And the recognition to the freedom of cults, civil marriage was implemented and divorce allowed. New rights were recognized in this constitutions such as:

Rights to property, personal freedom, free mobility, freedom of work and industry, freedom to vote, employment and law protection among others.

Right to life and the elimination of death penalty.

Equal right for foreigners and citizens.

Right to innocence and reputation.

Right of having freedom of thought

It was necesssary to be male and be over 21 years old to be considered citizen.

1861:

Catholic church was considered as the base of institutions and some of the requirements to be considered citizen were removed.

1906:

Remove of the Catholic church as crucial part of the State. This constitution had an increase in basic rights

In this constitution children, women and other ethnic groups were not considered as citizens.

1861:.

People are protected related to slavery. Democracy is established as an election mechanism and only free citizens could vote.

1906:

New rights were recognized in this constitution such as the right of having freedom of thought

• Foundation of the Republic: This constitution marked the establishment of Ecuador as an independent republic following its separation from Gran Colombia.

• Government Structure: Adopted a centralized form of government with a strong executive branch, reflecting the influence of Simon Bolivar’s political ideals.

• Citizenship and Rights: Defined citizenship primarily for free men, excluding large portions of the indigenous and enslaved African populations.

• Catholicism: Established Catholicism as the state religion, reflecting the church's significant influence on national affairs.

1861 Constitution:

• Centralization of Power: Reinforced the centralization of governmental power, diminishing the autonomy of regional authorities to ensure greater national unity.

• Civil Rights Expansion: Introduced more comprehensive civil rights, although these were still limited by modern standards and largely excluded indigenous populations.

• Judicial Reforms: Began to establish a more structured judicial system, setting the groundwork for greater legal consistency and fairness.

Constitution of 1861: President Gabriel García Moreno. He restored ecclesiastical authority and centered power, creating a time that was too conservative. In addition to significantly increasing the right to vote, although the Constitution establishes that the number of representatives must be chosen based on the population, the thesis has been supported by the Quito political class since the beginning of the Republic.

Constitution of 1906: Reflects Alfaro's liberal ideals, strengthening individual rights and reducing ecclesiastical influence. This constitution stopped many of the conservative groups of the time, along with giving a much better right to vote for the citizen, changing the vote to be something secret, something that remains to this day. In addition to giving many rights that one would think they had at that time, whether they are: Personal freedom, not being detained, moving freely through the territory, inviolability of the home, inviolability of correspondence and the protection of the law.

1835 Constitution: This constitution replaced the 1830 one and introduced reforms aimed at centralizing power under the presidency. It emphasized Catholicism as the state religion and strengthened executive authority.

1843 Constitution: This constitution reinstated some elements of the 1830 constitution, including provisions for a decentralized government structure with strong regional autonomy. It aimed to balance central authority with regional interests.

1851 Constitution: Known as the "Lizardo García Constitution," it introduced significant reforms, including the abolition of slavery and the establishment of basic civil rights. It also expanded presidential powers.

1861 Constitution: This constitution further strengthened executive authority and centralized power, aiming to stabilize the political situation after years of instability and civil war.

1869 Constitution: This constitution attempted to balance power between the executive and legislative branches, introducing measures to limit presidential terms and decentralize administration.

1878 Constitution: It focused on centralizing power and strengthening presidential authority, reflecting ongoing political instability and conflicts between centralists and federalists.

1884 Constitution: This constitution aimed to restore stability and promote economic development. It emphasized strong presidential leadership and introduced measures to modernize governance and infrastructure.

1897 Constitution: Known as the "Camaño Constitution," it reinforced central authority and expanded presidential powers. It also introduced social reforms and labor protections.

1906 Constitution: This constitution sought to address social and economic issues by introducing progressive reforms, including labor rights and protections for indigenous communities. It also aimed to modernize administrative structures and promote national development.

The 1878 Constitution signaled a move towards liberalism, emphasizing civil liberties, secularism, and a reduction in executive power.

The 1906 Constitution continued liberal reforms, expanding social rights and further reducing church influence, shaping a more inclusive and progressive state.

These constitutions collectively illustrate Ecuador’s journey from a centralized, church-influenced governance model to a more secular, inclusive, and democratic society.

A constitution was deliberate as an exclusive and conservative.

Had requirements to be a citizen.

Mestizos, poor people weren´t recognised as citizens.

1861:

Gabriel García Moreno

Ecuador was considered as a sovereign republic.

The church was the public institution in education

Had the right of freedom of thought.

1906:

Some requirements were eliminated to be an authority.

Removing the church of the power of making decisions.

In the Constitution of 1830, the first in the independent history of Ecuador, a unicameral Congress was established made up of a fixed number of ten deputies for each of the three departments into which the country was then divided.

Also, to be recognized as a citizen you had to be a man, have property valued at around 300 pesos and to be over 21 years old or married.

In this constitution women, children and other ethnic groups were not recognized as citizens.

1861

The constitution of 1861 expanded the franchise and modified the territorial administrative structure, and replaced the geographical division of Ecuador into departments by provinces.

Also, being over 21 years old or having properties valued around 300 pesos was eliminated to be a citizen.

1906

The Constitution of 1906 is the most important phenomenon, taking into account that General Eloy Alfaro convened a Constituent Assembly that dictated the advanced Political Charter with provisions such as: the absolute separation of the State and the Church, freedom of teaching, It enshrined secular, public and free education, mandatory at the primary level, absolute freedom of conscience and broad individual guarantees.

Likewise, religious ministers of any cult were prohibited from being elected legislators, official protection was issued to the indigenous race and a protective action by the State to prevent abuses against them.

The 1830 constitution was crucial in laying the foundation for Ecuador's governance as an independent nation. By centralizing power and aligning closely with the Catholic Church, it sought to create a cohesive national identity and maintain social order.

1861

The 1861 constitution was a response to political instability and aimed to decentralize power, giving more authority to provincial governments. It represented a shift towards a more liberal and democratic framework, even as suffrage remained restricted.

1906

The 1906 constitution reflected the liberal reforms of President Eloy Alfaro, who sought to modernize Ecuador. The secularization of the state and expansion of civil rights signaled a significant shift towards progressive governance, emphasizing education and labor rights.

- Ecuador established as a sovereign state.

- Creation of a strong central government with a presidential system.

- Declared Roman Catholicism as the state religion.

Constitution of 1861

- The introduction of a federalist system, granting more power to provinces.

- The increased presidential powers.

- It reflected significant military involvement in politics.

Constitution of 1906

- Ecuador was established as a secular state, reducing Church influence.

- It expanded individual rights and civil liberties.

- Also promoted free and compulsory primary education.

- Strengthened the independence o f the judiciary.

In 1861 with this new constitution the federalism was included and with this giving more power governments.

In 1906 the constitution made things like including the separation of church and state, and expanded civil rights.

Each one of the different constitutions show the way how the social factor have been evolving since then

Creoles established their own rules and ideologies. It was considered as an exclisive and conservative ideology.

Only men with 21 years or more, that had a property and exercised a profesión were considered as citizens.

The catholic church was considered as the base of institutions in áreas such as public edication.

1861 constitution:

Ecuador is considered as a sovereign republic without any connection or subject to a foreign nation.

Some requirements to be considered a citizens changed as well as people were protected from slavery and got Freedom of speach.

The catholic church was declared as the official religión and the state was obliged to protect it.

1906 constitution:

The congress declared the constitution in the name of people.

This constitution eliminated the requirements to have money to be elected as an authorityand removed the catholic church as a crucial part of the state removing it's power.

Related to citizenship, new rights were recognized for citizens in this constitution as well as more ways to lose get your citizenship removed.

The conservatives rejected the ideas presentes inside this constitution.

The 1861 Constitution followed a period of political instability and civil wars. It introduced a bicameral parliament with two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Additionally, it expanded individual rights and liberties, emphasizing freedom of speech, religion, and assembly. While the president gained more authority, the constitution aimed for a balance of power.

The 1906 Constitution was enacted during a period of economic growth and modernization. It addressed economic matters, emphasizing fiscal responsibility, public finance, and infrastructure development. Social reforms were also included, covering labor rights, education, and social welfare. The president’s role was further defined, and the constitution aimed for stability and progress.

1. Constitution of 1830:

- Origin: Established after Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.

- Characteristics: Modeled on Western constitutional monarchies, particularly influenced by the French and Belgian constitutions.

- Key Features: Introduced a constitutional monarchy with a monarch as the head of state, a parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies), and basic rights for citizens.

- Significance: Marked the beginning of modern constitutional governance in Greece.

2. Constitution of 1864 (revised 1861):

- Context: Revisions made to the original 1830 constitution due to political instability and conflicts.

- Changes: Strengthened the role of the parliament and expanded civil liberties.

- Key Features: Defined the roles of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches more clearly. It also included provisions for freedom of the press and freedom of speech.

- Significance: Helped stabilize governance during a period of transition and reform.

3. Constitution of 1909 (revised 1906):

- Context: Further revisions reflecting societal and political changes.

- Changes: Enhanced parliamentary powers and expanded suffrage rights.

- Key Features: Increased the power of the parliament over the monarchy, improved civil liberties, and expanded the electoral base.

- Significance: Established a more democratic framework, laying the groundwork for broader political participation.

Established a unitary system of government, concentrating power in the central government.

The president held significant authority, and there was no vice president.

A unicameral Congress represented the people.

The judiciary was subordinate to the executive branch.

Basic civil rights were recognized, but the constitution did not address slavery.

Catholicism was the official religion.

The constitution was amended several times during its existence.

1861: The 1861 Constitution followed a period of political instability.

Ecuador shifted to a federal system with separate states.

The president remained powerful, but states had more autonomy.

A bicameral Congress was established.

The constitution included provisions for individual rights and abolished slavery.

Catholicism remained the official religion.

The constitution was revised in 1869.

1906: Ecuador faced economic challenges and social unrest.

Reduced the presidential term to four years.

The bicameral Congress continued, but with some changes.

Expanded civil liberties and labor rights.

Declared Ecuador a secular state, separating church and state.

The constitution was amended in subsequent years.

• Issued after the separation of Ecuador from Gran Colombia.

• Established the creation of the independent State of Ecuador.

• It lasted 5 years and was a conservative text

Constitution of 1861:

• known as the “black letter.”.

• Introduced significant changes in the structure of the State and citizen rights

Constitution of 1906:

• Promulgated on December 23, 1906.

• It separated church and state, establishing secularism.

• It eliminated the figure of the vice president and granted civil rights to foreigners

• Established Ecuador as a sovereign and independent nation-state.

• Introduced a presidential system with a division of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

• Instituted a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies.

• Emphasized liberal principles such as individual rights, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion.

• Reflected a decentralized federal structure with significant autonomy granted to provinces.

1861 Constitution:

• Continued with a federal system but with modifications to centralize power in response to regional disputes and conflicts.

• Established a unicameral legislature with provisions for direct elections.

• Strengthened the authority of the central government over the provinces, reducing the autonomy granted earlier.

• Emphasized the role of the president as the central figure in the executive branch.

• Included provisions for civil liberties and rights, though these were subject to limitations during periods of political turmoil.

1906 Constitution:

• Transitioned back to a centralized unitary state, abandoning the federal system of previous constitutions.

• Established a strong presidential system with centralized executive authority.

• Reorganized the legislative branch into a bicameral National Congress.

• Strengthened constitutional protections for individual rights and freedoms, including provisions for social and economic rights.

• Emphasized state sovereignty and national unity, aiming to consolidate political stability and governance.