Unit 3 by Katherine Renee Anderson https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg By: Katie Anderson en-us 2016-10-07 13:07:41 UTC 2023-05-06 03:44:36 UTC hello@padlet.com 10/11- I can compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129102937
  • Perceptual set-influenced by your surroundings
  • Priming: memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus-a technique in psychology used to train a person's memory both in positive and negative ways
    • Perception comes from top-down. Sensation comes from bottom-up. How can top down processing change how things are perceived?

    -absolute threshold of sensation: smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses 50% of the time
    -signal detection theory
    -sensory adaptation: change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus or getting used to the stimulus
    -intentional blindness: you can't perceive something when your focus isn't there
    -changed blindness: the environment changes
    -difference threshold: percentage change(Weber's Law/JND) needed in order to detect it 50% of the time

    ]]>     2016-10-07 13:10:35 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129102937     10/12-I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal and difference thresholds katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129102974 -JND= just noticeable difference
    -the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli 50% of the time
    -the higher the intensity, the higher the amount of change necessary to notice a difference
    -Flavor is a combination of taste and smell
    -Expectations and Biases influence your abilities to detect things
    -Signal Detection Theory]]>     2016-10-07 13:10:41 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129102974     10/13- I can understand the parts and the path of vision katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103073 Cornea- transparent protector
    Pupil- adjustable opening in the center of the iris where light continues to enter
    Iris- a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored part of the eye and controls the size of the pupil opening
    Lens- transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focues light onto the retina(upside down) bu changing its curvature
    Accomadation- lens shape changes according to distance
    • round=close(accomadated)
    • flat= far(relaxed)
    Retina- inner lining on the back of the eyeball that contains receptor cells sensitive to light(both rods and cones)
    • cones- all colors
    • rods-peripheral vision and black and white
    Blind spot- point where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no vision receptors here
    Fovea- line of central focus, holds only cones
    Optic Nerve-carries visual info to the occipital lobe but first the thalamus
    Optic Chiasm- spot where nerves criss each other (left to right/ right to left)
    Lateral Geniculate Nucleus- area in thalamus that interprets images
    Occipital lobe
    3 layers of the retina
    • rods(b/w) and cones(color)
    • receptor cells to bipolar cells to ganglion cells to optic nerve to brain
    • 20:1 rods out number
    • bipolar cells: specialized neurons connects  to rods and cones(1 axon/1 dendrite)
    • ganglion cells: axons of these cells, made of optic nerve and sends info to the thalamus specifically the lateral geniculate 
    • 2 kinds of ganglion cells:
      • Magnocellur cells- detect motion
      • Parvocellur cells-detect color/what it is
    • Acuity- ability to distinguish fine details; sharpness
      Intensity= brightness
      Wave length=color
      Color=hue
    Transduction- light must pass through the layers of the retina
    ]]>     2016-10-07 13:10:59 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103073     10/14- I can learn theories and visual cues katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103111 Transduction: signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through the retina
    Parallel processing: processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously(color, form, and motion happen at the same time)
    Hubel and Weisel: found that neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features: responsible for motion in brain
    -shape/form
    -angle/depth
    -movement
    -color
    Vision
    Electromagnetic spectrum wavelength: the distance from one wave peak to another(light/sound)
    High Frequency Short Wavelength: bluish colors and high pitched sounds
    Low Frequency Long Wavelength: reddish colors and low-pitched sounds
    Amplitude: the height of the wave length
    Large Amplitude: tall wavelength, bright colors, loud sounds
    Small Amplitude: short wavelength, dull colors, soft sounds
    Theories of Color Vision
    1. Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors(red, green, or blue)
    and combined stimulation of these cones cause other colors by mixing light waves(red+green stimulation= yellow)
    Afterimage: when you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturation of cones
    -young-helmhotz theory cannot explain afterimages because with afterimage you see the opposite color
    Colorblindness: partial or total inhibility to perceive hures
    monochromatic(black and white)
    dichromatic(r/g, y/b)
    trichromats(normal color vision)
    2. Opponent-Process Theory(Hering)
    -three kinds of cones that work in pairs
    -red and green
    -blue and yellow
    -black and white
    -paired with opposites; if one is stimulated the other is inhibited
    Surrounding Context: if an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes]]>     2016-10-07 13:11:08 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103111     10/17- I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues  katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103259 Perception
    how we organize and interpret information from our senses
    Gestalt
    we see things as a whole, sometimes what we see is not there
    Color Constancy
    perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination
    Rules of Perception
    1. Figure-Ground: we organize information into a figure seen against a ground
    2. Proximity: groups nearby figures together
    3. Similarity: groups similar figures together
    4. Continuity: see smooth, continuous patterns
    5. Connectedness: when linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit
    Depth Perception
    2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D
    we estimate distance
    Visual Cliff- by crawling age(6 months) we can see depth
    Visual Constancy
    perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images
    • color
    • shape
    • size
    • location
    • brightness
    Monocular Cues:
    interposition
    relative size
    relative clarity
    texture gradient
    relative height
    relative motion
    linear perspective
    light and shadow

    Binocular Cues:
    retinal disparity
    convergence
    stereotypic vision
    motion perception:
    -stroboscopic movement= motion pictures/flip-book
    -phi-phenomenon= illusion of lights(blinking off and on)
    ]]>     2016-10-07 13:11:34 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103259     10/24- I can understand the other senses katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103605 The Other Senses:
    the chemical senses olfactory
    Receptor Cells
     -olfactory/ mucous membrane(Epithlium)
    Top of the Nasal Cavity
    Olfactory
    -the only sense that does not go to the thalamus
    -problems with sense of smell due to clogged receptor cells
    -olfactory sense is strongly connected with memory due to direct connection with limbic system
    Gustation(taste)
    different from flavor= Sensory Interaction
          -smell+taste/texture = flavor
    Taste buds
          -(papillae) recepto cells for taste
          -characteristic pattern to taste sensation
    Skin Senses
    -Cutaneous sensations:
       -pressure
       -temperature
       -pain
    -brain is most sensitive to unexpected sensation
    -Sensory Cortex controls this sense
    Kinesthesis: sense of body parts and positions
    Vestibular Sense: monitors head position and movement(balance)
    semicircular canals-controls balance
    vestibular sacs-make you dizzy
          -connects canals with cochlea(fluid)
           (spin=dizzy)
    Pain: individual differences
           -cognition
           -physiological
           -memories
    Gate Control Theory: Melzack and Wall
            -neurological gate in spinal cord that controls the transmission of pain to the brain
    -small nerve fiber open(pain) / large nerve fiber close(other senses close off pain)
    -endorphins:neurotransmitter associated with pain
    -morphine: drug associated with relieving pain
    How people respond to pain(Daniel Kahneman): if you want a positive experience and less pain, taper down even longer.. no immediate cut off
    Phantom Limb: misinterpretation 
         -demonstration=candle technique vs. walking over the coals

    ]]>     2016-10-07 13:12:38 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103605     10/26- I can prepare for the FRQ and multiple choice test katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103657
  • sensation
  • perception
  • the eye and color theories
  • the ear and hearing theories
  • other senses
  • binocular and monocular cues
    • What are arguments for and against receiving a cochlear implant?
    • Can hear and speak more efficiently
    • Invasive procedure
    • Ruins the deaf culture
    • Provides a better life for the patient receiving the implant
    After receiving cochlear implants what are some of the benefits and struggles that are experienced?
    • Speech is a struggle
    • She isn't looked at as handicapped anymore
    • She can hear the coach's instructions and follow them, so she can try out for sports
    • She can cook with her grandmother and get the cooking equipment without looking at her grandmother which speeds up the time it takes
    • They can play Simon says 
    • The older you are when you get the implant, the harder it is to develop clear understandable speech
    ]]>     2016-10-07 13:12:45 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129103657     katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129886181 2016-10-11 16:44:03 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129886181 katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129887018 2016-10-11 16:45:36 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/129887018 katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/130413314 2016-10-13 12:56:11 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/130413314 10/18- I can learn and define the parts of the ear katherineand6870 https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/131433175 Pinna: outer portion of the ear that funnels sound waves inside
    Ear Canal: auditory canal where the sound enters your ear
    Hearing=vibrations
    When sound or air travels through the ear, it hits the Ear Drum and vibrates
    Ear drum is protected by ear wax
    Bones that vibrate up against the ear drum
    Smallest bones in the body
    Also called the Osicles
    Hammer
    Anvil
    Stirrup:     the vibration of this against the oval window causes it to open
    -the sound that you hear is transformed from air to liquid
    Cochlea: (inner ear) snail shape, has the basilar membrane which has tiny hairs that vibrate the sound in the liquid form
    -the basilar membrane moves which sends neurons to the organ of corti
    Vestibular Organ: (inner ear) has sacs that helps us stay balanced
    Auditory Nerve: sound travels through here to reach the temporal lobe of the brain
    Eustachian Tube: connects to the ear canal and connects your ears to your throat
    Theories of Hearing:
    1. Place Theory- ability to hear different pitches of sound is due to location of neuron activity on Basilar Membrane in Cochlea (caused by frequency/pitch of sound wave)
    2. Frequency Theory-Vibration triggers neural impulses to brain at same rate as sound wave
    3.Volley Principle- neural cells can alternate firing and thereby achieve combined frequency for average pitch]]>     2016-10-18 12:33:41 UTC https://padlet.com/katherineand6870/tn4x69tl0hbg/wish/131433175