https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he Made with an open mind en-us 2021-05-11 22:37:53 UTC 2025-11-23 09:08:20 UTC hello@padlet.com ryanmai59 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523586957 Originally it was believed that Han's was the first ever thinking animal. That Han's was the first animal that was able to think in a human way and express human ideas in non-verbal human language! However, it was when Professor Oscar Pfungst a biologist and psychologist that discovered Han's could not answer the problems if the person giving the problem did not know the answer. Han's was also unable to answer the questions given to him if he was unable to see the persons face.  Even though it wasn't Han's actual intellectual ability to solve and answer problems, it still is a major accomplishment that Han's was able to read human facial indications. It was through Han's that future studies in ethology often have no face to face contact between the examiner and the experimental animal. The Ethology community even came up with a phrase called the "Clever Han's effect," which was used to denote the dangers of unintentional cueing of desired behaviors by the person performing the study. Which was why experiments are more carefully designed now taking many components such as facial exposure into consideration. 


]]> 2021-05-14 03:42:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523586957 ryanmai59 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523590924 Nelly is able to recognize a bunch of different objects around her. She is also able to realize that purposes and materials of the each object. For example, She knows how to put a round object into a hoop. But when told to put a strange shaped object into the hoop she questions that kind of command because of the logic behind it. In the video we see nelly staring at the hoop and staring at the wierd shaped object. She is also able to spell out the word HAM among a bunch of letters. Many would have believed that she was a very intelligent pig that knew how to spell. But in fact, the letters HAM were made of wood while the other letters were plastic. This is just like how people thought Han's knew how to solve arithmetic operations and spell out letters. So Nelly is able to distinguish the texture of the letters , exactly like how Han's was able to distinguish the facial expressions to do their task!



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YKgfCH_Phk]]> 2021-05-14 03:44:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523590924 ryanmai59 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523598103
Cueing has different definitions and representations when used in different context.  But, is mainly the reaction or response to a given stimulus. Cueing is usually performed thorugh signals, directions, hints, gestures, and even expressions. Expressions that Hans was able to read! The interesting factor was that Hans was doing this unconsciously and unknowingly made the study biased. Which is why today certain studies take many steps to ensure that there is the least amount of biases present, that any actions or behavior shown is natural. 
It could be safe to say that it Hans that helped Pfungst discover the earliest ideas of the observer-expectancy effect. Which when a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants in the study. Such as Hans reading the facial expression on his masters face to know whether or not a answer was correct. 
I believe it is safe to say that Hans indirectly helped many future researchers conduct better studies


]]> 2021-05-14 03:48:21 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523598103 ryanmai59 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523622090
Animals certainly are clever because they can do many things that humans aren't capable of. They are also clever in the way that they can be trained to remember certain things and do certain things. However, it is important to make the distinction between this kind of behavior with abstract thinking. For example, many believed that Hans really did know how to form sentences and solve math problems. But he was never taught the human language, grammar and the alphabets. Nor was he taught basic mathematical knowledge. He was able to do these task because of perceptual thinking as opposed to abstract thinking. He couldn't have possibly solved all the problems given to him abstractly because he was never taught of the concepts behind each problem given. As stated by Michael Egnor, In animal cognition research, it is of the utmost importance to distinguish clever perceptive thinking from abstract thinking.


]]> 2021-05-14 04:03:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523622090 ryanmai59 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523656886 Ferguson, Philip M.. "Clever Hans". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Oct. 2019, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Clever-Hans. ]]> 2021-05-14 04:28:00 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523656886 ryanmai59 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523661968 Egnor, Michael.. "The Clever Hans Problem and Research on Animal Cognition". Evolution News & Science Today, 4 Dec. 2015,
https://evolutionnews.org/2015/12/the_clever_hans/

]]> 2021-05-14 04:30:59 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523661968 ryanmai59 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523665504 Samhita, L., Gross, H.., "The "Clever Hans Phenomenon" revisited, COmmunicative & Integrative Biology, 6 Nov. 2013
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/cib.27122

]]> 2021-05-14 04:33:09 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1523665504 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1525062906 Clever Hans the horse is best known for his human-like intelligence. He was able to solve arithmetic functions, identify colours, read and spell, and even identify musical tones. Clever Hans was able to complete these feats by simple behavioral responses to cues led by his trainer Wilhelm von Osten. Wilhelm von Osten was a german mathematics teacher who believed people underestimated the intelligence of animals. ]]> 2021-05-14 15:34:13 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1525062906 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1525077917 Wilhelm Von Osten had a theory that animals had more cognitive abilities than humans gave them credit for. To test this theory, Von Osten decided to teach animals mathematics. When Wilhelm tested his theory with Hans, he was amazed to see how Hans was able to tap his foot based on the number of the chalkboard. For example, if the number 4 was written on the chalkboard, Hans would tap his foot 4 times. After realizing that Hans was able to understand mathematics, he decided to make Hans solve some more complex math problems by including addition and subtraction. Hans was able to solve all of Von Osten's questions. Hans cognitive abilities were so amazing that he was able to not only learn mathematics, but learn to identify colors, the alphabet, and spell out names. Wilhelm would debut his horses abilities to the world in 1904. People were stunned at Hans cognitive abilities and some believed that Wilhelm was somehow manipulating Hans to give the right answer. Wilhelm quickly disproved this accusation by leaving Hans by himself. Von Osten didn't have to be present for Hans to solve problems. Hans' cognitive abilities changed the way people look at animals cognitive behavior. Hans' accomplishments and incredible cognition would go on to earn him the nickname "Clever Hans". ]]> 2021-05-14 15:37:33 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1525077917 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527191626 What was unique about their relationship.  Wilhelm von Osten relationship with his Horse Clever Hands was able to show how Perception or Abstract thought can be brought into question. Oskar Pfungst concluded in his report that clever hands was mearly using associations to certain repeated movements and his reaction to them had become habitual in response. Horses are prey and flight animals and have the ability to perceive the slightest movements- even a tensed muscle can sensed by a horse, and this innate sensory source  far exceeds that of the average man (Pfungst, 1911).  Another example can be seen in how a mentalist is able to read the unconscious cues of their  audience and seemingly be performing amazing feats ( Ignor, 2015).
Do Animals have Language?Psychologist Oskar Pfungst disputed through reasonable doubt that Clever Hands The Horse was using abstract thought. But communication to a degree should not be dismissed, the horse was using a form of  language,. he was  using sounds and body language and  in combining these he was responding  to cues. ]]> 2021-05-15 15:40:02 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527191626 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527193984 “Animals become reflections of the the humans around them”.- how well humans know their ethology is key ( Ignor, 2015).  Understanding ethology and cognition of a horse is primary to how they have evolved to live. For thousands of years horses have taught and helped people in broad ways. Today horses have taken another role in peoples lives.  Equine assisted counseling has been proven to help people in ever more profound ways than could be imagined. The horse and person dynamic of therapy has shown to help mentally and psychically in patients who are terminally ill, people living with sever disabilities, PTSD, anxiety and depression, people suffering with social skills and communication issues. ( Trotter, 2012).

]]> 2021-05-15 15:42:28 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527193984 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527329740 https://youtu.be/_1FY5kL_zXU (SC)

]]> 2021-05-15 17:54:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527329740 sofiatbalogun64 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527495976 Clever Hans was known as the horse who could do math. He was owned by Wilhelm von osten who was a mathematician and a horse trainer. Wilhelm was the one who taught Clever Hans math, german, reading, spelling e.t.c in both written and oral form. It was quite hard to believe that a horse could do all these. A commission was formed called the Hans commission to investigate if Wilhelm was a fraud or not as they could not believe that a horse could do math. The commission consisted of a circus manager, a vet, a calvary officer, school teachers, and directors of the berlin zoological gardens. It was proven that  Wilhelm was in fact, not a fraud. They went on to get a psychologist, Oskar Pfugnst to evaluate the matter even more. He decided to ask Hans the questions without Wilhelm being present and Hans still passed. He started to examine if the questioner was giving Hans unknown clues like the sound of his voice or his demeanor. Pfungst put a questioner that also did not know the answer beforehand to the questions given to Hans and he failed miserably. Hans was a horse that could answer questions based on external stimuli given by the questioner ]]> 2021-05-15 20:58:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527495976 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527542558 medium.com/lessons-from-history/clever-hans-the-horse-that-could-count-561cdd5a1eab]]> 2021-05-15 22:01:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1527542558 sofiatbalogun64 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528416733 https://archive.org/details/cleverhanshorse00pfungoog/page/n8/mode/2up
https://www.amusingplanet.com/2020/05/clever-hans-horse-who-could-do-math.html]]> 2021-05-16 13:19:01 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528416733 sofiatbalogun64 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528424469 A double blind experiment is an experiment in which the participants and the researcher do not know of, which was what Pfungst did in relation to Clever Hans. Kind of like the placebo effect. If you were to receive "a drug" that makes you feel sleepy. Even though the drug does not, your brain makes you actually feel those things because you already think these are the things you are supposed to feel. If I were to ask you a question that you do not know the answer too but I do, you are most likely to get it due to the unconscious cue I would give to you like my voice getting higher at the right answer, or my facial expressions. If we both don't know the answer, you are most likely to fail it. Even when people know the answer, they're still most likely to go with other people's opinion which is also called the bandwagon effect in psychology. Clever Hans history is quite popular as there is a term called the Clever Hans effect which researcher try to avoid. There's also a game dedicated to Clever Hans called the art of thinking. It's a strategic game where the player has to make four in a rowe and be very "clever" about it. Player move their tiles like knight move” or "horse" in chess like Hans]]> 2021-05-16 13:25:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528424469 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528609085 2021-05-16 15:43:09 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528609085 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528639493 Trotter, Kay Sudekum, Harnessing the power of Equine Assisted Counsilling: Adding animal assisted therapy to your practice. New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2012. Web]]> 2021-05-16 16:02:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528639493 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528684753 2021-05-16 16:33:59 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528684753 sofiatbalogun64 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528700298 2021-05-16 16:44:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528700298 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528912169 2021-05-16 19:11:51 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1528912169 sofiatbalogun64 https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1531531586 https://www.gaya-game.com/collections/strategy-game/products/clever-hans]]> 2021-05-17 14:41:56 UTC https://padlet.com/ryanmai59/tmdnpl08nbors1he/wish/1531531586