Muggles' Tavern by The Muggles

📹The Greatest Hero of Norse Mythology

muggles — 2020-09-04 01:30:41 UTC

What do we understand as a hero?

muggles — 2020-09-04 01:36:04 UTC

Someone brave, strong (mentally or physically), clever, who sacrifices himself for the sake of others. These are adjectives that we see clearly on Beowulf. Concepts from hundreds of years ago and that still have a huge influence on our opinions.

📹Movie Trailer

muggles — 2020-09-04 01:37:44 UTC

Why is Beowulf a founding text of English Literature?

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Just one Beowulf manuscript survived the Anglo-Saxon Era and for many centuries the manuscript remained forgotten and in the 17th century it was almost destroyed in a fire.
Interest in Old English arose among translators and scholars in the 19th century.
During the first hundred years of Beowulf's proeminence, interest in the poem was mainly historical, because the text was seen as a source of information about the Anglo-Saxon Era.

📹Hrothgar

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Danish king whose lands are terrified by the monsters mentioned in the poem.

📹Unferth

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Rodogário's warrior portrayed as envious and cowardly.

📹Grendel's Mother

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A female monster who swears revenge on the Danes when she sees her son killed by Beowulf

📹Grendel

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Bloodthirsty creature, Beowulf's first opponent.

📹Hygelac

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Beowulf's uncle and king of the gēata. Upon dying in battle, his kingdom is inherited by his son and later by Beowulf

📹Wiglaf

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The most faithful of Beowulf's warriors, helped him to kill the beast.

Understanding

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Beowulf is a epic poetry, written in old English (anglo-saxon), by an unknown author, possibly in XVIII century. It is a great mark in medieval literature.
The poetry focus on the hero Beowulf and his adventures. The story we know nowadays when asked about the man is that he set free his people from two horrible monsters and, once he became king, he fought and killed a dragon.

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Characters list:

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Alisson, The Wife of Bath

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The tale tells the story of Alisson who, for the Middle Ages, was totally uninhibited, under the Christian misogyny. Alice had several husbands and never stopped acting when one of them tried to attack her verbally or physically, cheating on her and tried to limit her life, because the great purpose of this woman was to be able to do what she wanted, when she wanted, without asking the permission of any man.
The wife of Bath, even though she seems a little promiscuous, she did nothing more than be sincere all the time, so she talks about her desires, what she expects from a man, about her intimate life with her husbands and doesn't care for the opinion of the men who are listening.

BEOWULF

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THE CANTERBURY TALES: THE WIFE OF BATH

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The wife of Bath discuss marriage, virginity and most importantly the question of sovereignty. In the "Wife of Bath's Tale ", Alice is suggesting control that women should have. She is a strong-willed and dominant woman who herself gets what she wants when she wants it.
She can't accept defeat no matter what the cost. She feels that this is the way things should be and men should obey her.

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The Wife of Bath' Tale - Animated by Jonah Panikar

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Meet Geoffrey Chaucer: the author

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Born – probably – on 1342 or 1343, in London.
Considered by many as “the first finder of our language”.
He is recognized by his writing but he wasn’t only a writer. Actually, he worked for the crown in various areas. Chaucer worked as a diplomat, messenger, knight and in his final years as a comptroller of customs. In that career he was a man of trust to three successive kings—Edward III, Richard II, and Henry IV.
He was married to a woman who also worked for the royalty. She died a couple years before him. Searchers presume they had a good life based on the information Chaucer wrote in his poems. They believe that information was a reflection of his own experiences.
Geoffrey had a hard time during a part of his life, but his poems didn’t show it. He used writing to escape his difficult reality and public life.

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His works are famous for some specific characteristics, such as: humor (irony and sarcasm are very present in his writing), dream-vision form of writing, first person narrator, and the approach of many genres, and even the mix of some. Even though his poems are funny, they still bring to the reader reflections on the human behavior and nature, love etc. He was capable of being funny and still talk about serious business.

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At some point in his life, he met the works of Dante, Boccaccio and Petrarch, which had a strong influence on his writing.

References:

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. LUMIANSKY, R. M. Geoffrey Chaucer, 2020. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 19 de set. de 2020.
Wife of Bath - Character Analysis. Disponível em: Acesso em: 19 de set. de 2020.
The Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath's Prologue Characters Disponível em: Acesso em: 19 de set. de 2020.
http://csis.pace.edu/grendel/projf983a/charac.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20%E2%80%9CWife%20of%20Bath's,and%20men%20should%20obey%20her. Acesso em: 20 de set. de 2020

The Knight

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The Knight is sentenced to death after raping a young woman, but the queen spared him, and she decides that the knight will receive mercy if he can answer the question "what do women want?"

The Loathly Lady (the Hag)

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An old woman who meets the Knight and promises to tell him what women really want on the condition that he will marry her. When he grants her the authority in marriage, the old woman transforms into a beautiful young woman, after that, she becomes a wife who's obedient to her husband in everything.

Alisson

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Alisson is not a woman who cares about changing the world for the benefit of other women who are subordinate to men. In the tale she is using sex to manipulate men just as men do to women. She stands for sexual freedom, almost in a misandric way. Chaucer demonstrates her quick-temperedness by showing her habits at the offertory at church where she always wants to be the first one to be allowed to donate, not for charity but to make a show of wealth and to display her status in her community. She had many affairs in her youth and has been married five times. Alisson claims that a woman's greatest desire is that her husband submits himself to her, and this is also the main topic of her tale.

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Jankyn (the 5th husband)

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The Wife's fifth husband is young, poor, and extremely difficult to dominate, very different from her usual marital appetite, but he was the husband she loved best, despite the fact that he beat her and often spouts antifeminist statements. Much of her love for Jankyn seems to stem from his ability to satisfy her in bed. Jankyn may actually represent the clerkly class in general and the Wife's eventual domination of him could represent her fantasy of definitively answering his antifeminism.

The Queen

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Her role in this tale is brief but meaningful. After sparing the Knight's life when he raped a woman, she punishes him by sending the Knight out on a quest to find out what women really want, giving him a year and a day to discover it and having his word that he will return. If he fails to satisfy the queen with his answer, he forfeits his life. The queen serves justice with composure and intelligence, devising a punishment that's designed to get him to listen to women's desires.

Characters list:

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UTOPIA

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OF CANNIBALS

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📹

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The religion of Utopia is formed from the precepts of Christianity and also philosophical schools such as Stoicism and Epicureanism.
Presents three basic truths:

1. Faith in the existense of a Supreme Being.

2. God's providence in relate to men is lovely.

3. Faith in providence and future retribution for the soul, that's immortal.

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Thomas wrote Utopia and described the island as a semicircle with 54 cities organized in a familiar structure. On the capital, there were 30 families, each one ruled by a leader. This leader would normally be the eldest in the family, and his main role would be to mediate the population's participation on political decisions, supervise the work and avoid laziness.

There wouldn't exist private properties. He believed that the population could only be equal by extinguishing private properties, because this way, wealthiness wouldn't be held by the hands of a small group of people while the other would starve. Also, people would work for surviving, and they would work 6 hours per day, and it would be enough (actually, this could be more than enough).

While talking about religion, there would not exist religious intolerance. But everybody had to believe in something, and the ones who didn't, these were worth of suspicion. People would use their reason to run things and because they were using their reason, they could get to the conclusion that something bigger than themselves put them in the world and that they existed because of it, but the perception of this "something bigger" could vary.

The word Utopia

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Thomas created this term by merging two Greek words ου" (no) e "τοπος" (place). So, interpreting by the original form, we can understand Utopia as something good, but non-existent in our reality.

The term became famous and popular and nowadays people use it to talk about many types of idealism (or many types of utopia) and there's even an antonym: dystopia. This second, derived term, is even more famous than the original one, because people use it to criticize society, politics, economic system, etc.
This kind of "world" is very popular and can be seen in many books and movies, such as: The Hunger Games, 1984, Fahrenheit 451, Clockwork Orange, We, Brave New World, The Handmaid's Tale, Matrix and maaaaany more.

References:

muggles — 2020-10-04 22:48:44 UTC

BRASIL ESCOLA. SANTOS, Wigvan Junior Pereira dos. "Utopia". Disponível em: .
Acesso em: 04 de outubro de 2020.
PENGUIN. FREEMAN, Miranda. PARKER, Sam. The best dystopian books, as chosen by our readers, 2019. Disponível em: .
Acesso em: 04 de out. de 2020.
PENSADOR. Estas são as 15 melhores distopias da literatura mundial. Disponível em: .
Acesso em: 04 de out. de 2020.
Utopia, de Thomas Morus. Disponível em:
.
Acesso em: 04 de out. de 2020.
Nós e a História 12. Utopia de Thomas More.
.
Acesso em: 04 de out. de 2020.

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"Utopia" word of Greek origin that means "nowhere"

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Thomas More (1478-1535) studied in Oxford and was a very influential man in his time, even occupying the post of Lord Chancellor of Henry VIII of England. He was a humanist and reader of classical philosophers, with great sympathy for what they said Stoics and Epicureans, contested the scholastic tradition and wanted to promote a political education that would allow people to have freedom of thought. This foundation they launched was a fruitful ground for later philosophical discussion. Precisely because he values freedom of thought. More was sentenced to prison for high treason and later to death for remaining firm in his refusal to Henry VIII's divorce and new marriage with Anne Boleyn, which contradicted one of the dogmas of the Catholic Church, which he belonged to.

Thomas More

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Some critics believe that it was when he thtought of that model of life that More published, in 1516, the fiction work that constitutes a true social, political and religious criticism of his era, England dominated by King Henry VIII.
There, are presented an imaginary island where everyone lives in harmony and works for the common good. Since then, the term "utopia" has been associated with fantasy, dream, fortune and well-being, which are aspects that form utopian environment where utopian society developed, in a country called Utopia or Utopia Island that was dominated by King Utopos:
"The inhabitants of Utopia apply the principle of common possession here. In order to abolish the ideia of individual and absolute property, they change houses every ten years and take the chance of what should be shared ." (MORUS, 1997).

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Of Cannibals is a part of Essays, written by Michel de Montaigne.
When he was 38 years old, we isolated himself in order to reflect. His Essays, unlike many philosophers, are not centered in only one theme. He talks about many things concerning human behavior, and between them, Of Cannibals.
Montaigne once traveled and had the opportunity to talk, with the help of an interpreter, to an Amerindian (a Tupinambá). Of Cannibals is all about them and the way they were seen by the Europeans (who called them barbarians). During the reading of the texts, it can be noticed that Montaigne saw them differently. Actually, putting the cannibalism (which was part of their culture) aside, they were more "morally" correct than the Europeans, who were considered (by others and themselves) as a developed and civilized society. So Michel found kinda ironic the fact that they were calling the Amerindians barbarians, because the Europeans were the ones who ruled their society by greed, arrogance, envy, cruelty, etc.

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Cannibalism, in the culture of these people involved cerimonies that evoked the supernatural. "They believed that the individual gains strengh by assimilating others, powerful and dangerous, whether they're enemy warriors or dead relatives." (John Monteiro, UNICAMP).

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While reflecting on it, Montaigne realized that the way of living of the Tupinambás was rather simple. They wouldn't seek wealthiness, or territory, because they were satisfied with what they had. They would feed from what nature would give to them and that was quite enough. The Amerindians valued the virtues (such as honor, courage, respect concerning hierarchy, etc.) and lived looking up to them. So the fact that they ate dead people was really part of their culture (they believed that by doing this, they would be able to connect with their ancestors).
Meanwhile, the Europeans were possessed by all kind of bad things while living in such a "civilized" way. He criticized the church, with its many forms of correction (pronounced torture). How could they call barbarian those people who lived in such a harmonized way when they did those terrible cruelties themselves? They only considered "barbarity" the things that weren't a reality for them.

Michel de Montaigne

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Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) was the inventor of the essay genre. He studied law at the University of Toulouse and was a great jurist, occupying the position of Mayor of Bordeaux, until he decided to move away from public life, traveling throughout Europe, time he dedicated himself to writing, publishing various texts of philosophy, literature and history. Montaigne was considered one of the greatest french humanists, inspired by the Italian Renaissance movement, showing concern for the existential condition of the human being. He opposed Scholastic Philosophy, and his philosophical ideals were connected to the currents: Epicureanism, Stoicism, Humanism, Skepticism.

References:

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Como eram os rituais de canibalismo do índios brasileiros?. Disponível em: .
Acesso em: 04 de out de 2020.
Montaigne: dos canibais. Disponível em:.
Acesso em: 04 de out. de 2020.
YOUTUBE. GOMES, Aléquison. Michel de Montaigne I Ensaios I Os Canibais. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 04 de out. de 2020.
YOUTUBE. UNIVESP. Literatura Fundamental 23 - Os ensaios, de Montaigne, com Sérgio Xavier Gomes de Araújo. Disponível em: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBfc-J5_2Tw&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=UNIVESP>. Acesso em: 04 de out. de 2020.
YOUTUBE. SANTOS, Cecília. Montaigne e os canibais. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 04 de out. de 2020.
YOUTUBE. Let's Talk Philosophy. The Philosophy Of Michel de Montaigne. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 04 de out. de 2020.

muggles — 2020-10-05 00:22:44 UTC

With de colonization of Americas, Europeans reissued the word by associating it with the indigenous people, meaning, naturally, that they were inferior and that it was their role to take civilization to the savages.
Montaigne's purpose is precisely to criticize the belief that the European is morally superior to the Indians, because, according to him, the criteria we use to judge others are most often based on prejudices that have long been internalized and, for this reasons, erroneous. (Lucas Rocha, Professor).

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Montaigne show us that our judgments are always limited by the environment and that it is necessary to examine carefully before "labeling" what is strange to us as inferior. (Lucas Rocha, Professor)

Of Cannibals - Michel De Montaigne by Larissa Jade.

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THE TEMPEST

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References:

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O Resumo de Tempest & Caracteres. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 18 de out. de 2020.
A Tempestade. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 18 de out. de 2020.
A tempestade e a questão colonial. Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 18 de out. de 2020.
Tempest, Editora Melhoramentos. Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 18 de out. de 2020.
A Tempestade - Resenhas. Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 18 de out. de 2020.
BROWN, John Russell. William Shakespeare. Britannica, 2020. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 20 de out. de 2020.
BEVINGTON, David. The Tempest. Britannica, 2020. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 20 de out. de 2020.

Important topics addressed in the part:

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Illusion x Reality
Discovery
Revenge
Redemption

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The Tempest is a theater piece by the English Playwright William Shakespeare.
Believed to have been written between 1610 - 1611 and taken by many critics as the las piece written by the author.

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It's history is strongly based on the tradition of the novel, and was influenced by the tragicomedy, the masquerade of the courts and, perhaps, the commedia dell'arte.
It's difference from other Shakespeare's pieces is in the way it follows a more rigid and organized neoclassical style.

What are relevant historical facts from that period?

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Shakespeare's piece uses elements of texts that can be considered pertinent to the discussion on Colonialism and Imperialism.
During the second half of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, several texts were produced whose main theme was the question of Colonialism.
The Tempest shows traces of the British investiment in the colonial expansion of the time [...]. However, a consistent historical and theoretical analysis of the piece's involvement in the colonial project has not yet been carried out.

William Shakespeare

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Considered by many the greatest dramatist of all time.
His birthdate isn't known, but it is traditionally celebrated on April 23rd. And he died on April 23rd, 1616. He was baptized on April 26th, 1564.
His father, John Shakespeare, was involved in politics. His mother, Mary Arden, was an heiress to a land. The marriage between them was probably a step up to John's social position.
It's not known for sure what school William used to attend, but researches say that he probably attended a school in Stratford known for its good education level.
Shakespeare did not go to college, he married instead. To Anne Hathaway.
How did Shakespeare spent those 8 years until being recognized in the theatre world? Also, it is not known. Some say he got into trouble by stealing a deer; or that he lived as a schoolmaster; and that he entered the theatre world by minding the horses of theatre public. Some say even that Shakespeare spent some time as a member of a great household and that he was a soldier.
The first date we see from Shakespeare in the literary world is in 1592, when a dramatist, on his deathbed, wrote some insults to Shakespeare. Some time after, another person made a preface apologizing to him.
Shakespeare got to know many important people, one of them the 3rd earl of Southampton (to whom he wrote the poems Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece).
From roughly 1594 onward he was an important member of the Lord Chamberlain’s company of players. He was considered the best dramatist, and he had great resources to produce his plays.
He lived many years without his family, no one knows why. Some speculate he had some affairs, and one of the reasons is because he referred to his wife as “second best bed”. His two daughters were already married when he died in 1616, due to fever (?).

Characters:

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Main Charcters:

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Miranda - Prospero's daughter.
Ariel - An air spirit.
Prospero - The rightful Duke of Milan.
Alonso - King of Naples.
Sebastian - Alonso's brother.
Antonio - Prospero's brother and Duke of Milan.
Ferdinand - Alonso's son.
Caliban - Witch Sicorax's son.

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Supporting Actors:

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Gonzalo - Alonso's adviser.
Adrian - Noblemen.
Francisco - Noblemen.
Trinculo - A jester.
Stephano - A drunken butler.

Extras:

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Ship Captain
Foreman
Sailors

The Spirits:

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Iris - Juno's messenger.
Juno - Queen of Heaven.
Ceres - Goddess of Fertility.
Nymphs
Reapers

muggles — 2020-10-18 22:08:54 UTC

The Tempest is story that between protagonists, supporting actors and extras, twenty-one characters.
Many theater pieces in the style, with many chacarters, usually have in beginnig, a list with the names and a brief presentation of the cast.

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The Tempest - Shakespeare by Animated Books:

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Movie Trailer

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Shakespeare's texts deal with universal and antagonistic themes like love and hate, good and bad, wealth and poverty, ambition and detachment, peace and war, life and death, among others conflicts inherent in human existence at any historical time. The themes politicians are also present both in his dramas as well as in his comedies.

The story:

muggles — 2020-10-18 22:32:05 UTC

The Tempest is a drama written by the famous writer, dramatist and actor William Shakespeare. Composed of five acts, the tempest was first published and performed in 1611.
The story is about Prospero, who used to be the rightful duke of Milan. Used because his brother set adrift both Prospero and his only three-years-old daughter, Miranda.
Prospero wasn't very concerned about Milan, he was more interested in his magic and books. So they sailed until they arrived at an island.
There, Prospero set free the spirit of Ariel (who been imprisoned by the Witch Sycorax).
The man and his daughter found no other living creature but Sycorax's son, Caliban. They took him to live with them and everything was going just fine, until Caliban try to rape Miranda. Prospero made Caliban their slave, making him do whatever they wanted to, but manly, works for their needs (like gathering firewood).
The play begins with Prospero starting a tempest to bring to his island some nobles (his brother included). As soon as they arrive, the tests and possible reconciliation begins. Ferdinand is not together with the others, and they think he is dead, but he found Miranda, and they fell in love. Prospero watches it closely while other situation are going on. Ariel helps Prospero in many ways and in the end, believing that the nobles regretted their actions, Prospero decides to reconcile and go back to Milan. Because of that he accepts the relationship between his daughter and Ferdinand, because it would make her happy and it would be good for him, because it would unite the kingdoms.

Curiosities:

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The piece is based on the travel literature of the time, in this case in a storm close to what we now know as Bermuda - the island in question has another name in the piece. Apparently, the English Colonial Project seemed to be in Shakespeare's mind throughout history, as well Montaigne's "Cannibals" essay on the New World.
This essay, translated into English in 1603, analyzes the customs of the Tupinambás tribe and must have been read by the author.
The name of one of the characters in the piece, Caliban, seems to be derived from "cannibal".

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On Shakespeare times:

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Shakespeare lived on years that was happening too many things. Middle Ages till formed people minds and behavior. Queen Elizabeth I was the monarch, and considered sent by God. Atheism was still not accepted and questioned. But the Catholic Church was no longer absolute, once it had been challenged by Martin Luther, John Calvin, a multitude of small religious sects, and, indeed, the English church itself.
The economy was disturbed with the rise of capitalism. And it was also the time of Machiavelli's political theories, which cause fear on English men. Besides all that, there were the translations of Montaigne's Essays. Shakespeare read them, and they had influence on him while writing The Tempest.

The Tempest and Of Cannibals

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During the reading of The Tempest, Shakespeare shows us the relationship between Miranda, Prospero and Caliban. This relationship can be easily compared to Montaigne's Essays, Of Cannibals.
The way that Prospero and his daughter see Caliban is the same way the Europeans saw people that didn't have the same kind of living as they had.
As the story goes on, we can see that Prospero and Miranda treat Caliban as a monster. Always seeing him as "something" below them, not worthy.
Besides, Caliban was the rightful heir to the island. Prospero (like his brother did to him) took the island from him. Does this remind you of something? [Hey, Portuguese, give us back our gold!]

Characters in The Tempest - Research and discover informations of characters: Prospero/Miranda/Caliban - Act 1, scene 2

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Prospero is a magician and Duke of Milan. Due to his less materialistic nature, he decided to focus on the study of macic and his self-knowledge.
Miranda, Duke Prospero's daughter and submissive to him. She went to the island when she was still small and the only human figure she knew were her father and Caliban.
Caliban, witch Sycorax's son, was considered a savage who inhabited the island before the arrival of Prospero and his daughter.
Betrayed by his brother Antonio, Prospero and Miranda were sent to a distant island where they were abandoned. There they met Caliban who taught Prospero and Miranda how to survive on the island. However, one day, Caliban tried to invest in Miranda in order to dishonor her, resulting in a form of betrayal towards Prospero and his daugther. Caliban was expelled from the cave where he lived with them and as a punishment, Prospero made him his servant, to obey his orders.

Caliban and Can(n)ibal

muggles — 2020-10-25 22:07:45 UTC

Taking the relationship aside, another thing that makes clear reference to Montaigne's Of Cannibals is the fact that the name Caliban is an anagram of the word (in Spanish) Canibal.

GULLIVER'S TRAVELS

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References:

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EBIOGRAFIA. FRAZÃO, Dilva. Jonathan Swift. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 01 de nov. de 2020.
BRITANNICA. QUINTANA, Ricardo. Jonathan Swift. Disponível em: . Acesso em 01 de nov. de 2020.
ALÉM DO QUE SE VÊ. OLIVEIRA, Jéssica. 30 anos de O Castelo no Céu, clássico do estúdio Ghibli. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 01 de nov. de 2020.
Aventuras na história. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 01 de nov. de 2020.
Viagens de Gulliver. Disponível em: , Acesso em: 01 de nov. de 2020.

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Movie Trailer

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Gulliver's Travels is the title of a book written by Irishman Jonathan Swift and is considered a masterpiece of world literature.

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The Travels

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The first time it was published, the story was title "Travel to various remote regions of the world" Lemuel Gulliver, the hero, is the storyteller.
In all four books, Gulliver embarks on a journey; but a shipwreck or some other problem usually throws you into a strange land.
Book I - Takes him to Lilipute, a land where the inhabitants are 15 centimeters high, and there he becomes a giant prisoner.
Book II - Takes Gulliver to Brobedinguenague (or Brobdingnag), where the inhabitants are giants.
Book III - Gulliver visits Flying Island of Laputa whose distracted inhabitants are so preoccupied with high speculation about unimportant matters that they are in constant danger of accidental collisions.
Book IV - Takes Gulliver to the land of inhinhins (or houyhnhnms); serious, rational and virtuous horses.

Jonathan Swift:

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Jonathan Swift (pseudonym: Isaac Bickerstaff) was a writer, poet, literary critic from Ireland
He was born in Dublin, Ireland, on November 30th, 1667. Both his parents (Jonathan Swift and Abigail Erick) were protestants and his father died before he was born. His mother left to England and left him with his uncle.
At the age of 6, he started going to school and was the best of Ireland. Years later, in Trinity College, Jonathan became a bad student but managed to graduate in 1686, granting his bachelor of arts degree.
When he was 21 his uncle died, and he moved to Leicester to live with his mother. In 1689 Jonathan became a secretary of the writer diplomat Sir William Temple. Around these years, he became sick (Mémière, a disorder that caused dizziness and nausea).

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Satirizes Human Errors:

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Swift uses the various species and imaginary societies that Gulliver encounters in his travels to satirize many of the errors, insanities and natural weaknesses in human begins and the societies in which they live.

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As much as he had his own political vision - under the strong influence of conservative Anglican rationalism and morality, in writing his greatest work he preferred to resort to fantasy lands, comparing the attitudes of his inhabitants with European society and English politics.
Gulliver learns about each place he passes, but in the most "evolved" scenario he encounters (with virtuous horses) he ends up being disowned, as he resembles the lower caste, that of humans. He then leaves the seas and resumes his lonely life.

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1986 famous animation from the famous studio Ghibli, made by the legend Hayao Miyazaki.
Even though there is the God of earth and sky, from Shintoism, in the story, the filmmaker got inspiration from a part of Gulliver's Travels (amongst other books): in the book, Gulliver goes to many islands and one of them is called Laputa. This island in inhabited by scientists and has advanced technology.

Castle In The Sky

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In 1692, he graduated from Oxford University and in 1693 completed his PhD in Theology. Jonathan became a priest in 1695, but ended up returning to Moor Park as the secretary of Sir Temple again. He truly awakened his writer side in 1696 by writing A Tale of a Tub (a satire written in prose made to criticize the extreme religious). Then in 97 The Battle of The Books was written. In 1699 with William's death, Jonathan went back to Ireland and became secretary to the Count of Berkeley and in 1700 was nominated vicar.
In 1701, he made his participation in politics (first at the side of the liberals and then changed side to the conservatives) and published his first political work. His first two works were published in 1704, since he got help from readers of his political opinions.
Between the years of 1710 and 1713, Swift wrote letters to Ester (Sir William's housekeeper's daughter, around 14 years younger than him) and they were published with the name “Journal to Stella”.
In 1720, he started working on his most recognized work: Gulliver's Travels and in 1726, it became a classic. Jonathan published other works, but years later, was diagnosed with dementia and became paralytic.
He died on October 19th, 1745, at the age of 77.

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In the middle of the 17th century, English politics was divided between two major groups: The Whigs (liberals, who resisted the rise of a Catholic King) and The Tories (conservatives and defenders of the divine right to the throne). In 1685, the Catholic James II was crowned. Under strong pressure, he was soon removed by his Protestant daughter and son-in-law Guilherme III. This dispute also divides intellectuals.

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Swift used to be identified with Whigs, but under Queen Anne's rule he approaches the Tories. The author started by writing poems. Only at the beginning of the 18th century, he dedicated himself to satirical prose, signing his works, in general, as Isaac Bickerstaff. Despite being associated with one or the other party, he said he was against several characteristics of political practice and was skeptical about eighteenth-century society.

Swift and politics:

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Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift - Characters:

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ROBINSON CRUSOE

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References:

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BRITANNICA. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Robinson Crusoé. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 15 de nov. de 2020.
INTERESTING LITERATURE. Interesting Facts about Robinson Crusoe. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 15 de nov. de 2020.

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The story:

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Robinson Crusoe is a book written by Daniel Defoe, published in 1719 in London.
Robinson Crusoe is written in first person. Crusoe documents his life in a journal. He starts telling how he ignored his family's advice and headed out of his English middle-class home to experience life (in the sea). As a lay, he gets almost killed, but insists and even gets richer. Then, in a trip to Africa, buying slaves, he is captured by pirates, but manage to escape, ending in Brazil (where he is able to prosper). Not satisfied, he makes a deal with some merchants and travels again to buy slaves, but in the way back, he's caught up in a storm and his ship is almost entirely destroyed. Crusoe managed to save himself, but unfortunately he was the only survivor. He saves everything he can from the shipwreck and later on, finds out he is all by himself on an island.
After many years of solitude, Crusoe finds a human footprint and decides to investigate it, which leaded him to find a group of cannibals trying to kill a man. He shoots the “savages” and saves the man, baptizing him as Friday (which was the day it all happened). Robinson then teaches his religion and language to the man, presenting himself as “master”. The relationship between Robinson Crusoe and Friday was one of Master and Servant.
After nearly 30 years living on the island, Crusoe goes back to England with Friday and a bunch of pirates, sells his plantation in Brazil, but eventually, not being able to resist, he goes back to “his” island to see its state after Spain took control of it.

Behind the story:

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A good part of the story was based on Alexander Selkirk's real-life experience. He was a Scottish sailor who, after fighting with the captain of his ship, asked to be left on an island. And stood there for 4 years.
The sailor's story really was the basis for Robinson Crusoe, but Daniel Defoe implemented other characteristics to enrich the story. He took characteristics from travel and adventures stories and put in his. This was of the main reasons for the book to become popular.
Aside from that, many researches affirm that Alexander wasn't the only source of information to write Robinson Crusoe. Some say there was a man called Henry Pitman, who may have lived in Defoe's times, and had an experience in the Caribbean. Defoe may have met Pitman in person. One of the arguments to prove this real, is that both of them took part in the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685.

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Daniel Defoe:

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He was born in London, England on 1660 and he died in London, England on April, 24th, 1731. He was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer and spy. He is most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its number of translations. He has been seen as one of the earliest proponents of the English Novel, and helped to popularise the form in Britain with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson. Defoe wrote many political tracts and was often in trouble with the authorities, and spent a period in prison. Intellectuals and political leaders paid attention to his fresh ideas and sometimes consulted with him.
Defoe was a prolific and versatile writer, producing more than three hundred works: books, pamphlets, and journals; on diverse topics, including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology, and the supernatural. He was also a pioneer of business journalism and economic journalism.

Movie Trailer (1997):

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In the island:

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· The ship he was on doesn't sink. The ship is stranded for a long time, enough for Crusoe to go to him several times and find essential supplies for his survival, such as firearms, gunpowder, food, clothes and raw materials to build a hut to live in;
· There aren't dangerous animals on the island, and over time the character develops strategies to domesticate wild goats, which will provide him with not only meat, but also milk, from which he can produce cheese and butter;
· A part of the island is also full of fruit trees;
· A little bag of seeds that Crusoe thinks is damaged and throws it on the ground starts to sprout and then he starts to plant barley.

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"The adventures of Robinson Crusoe is without a doubt a classic that should be read by all lovers of adventures. Full of emotions and personal learning that generate reflections on life and great identification with the character".
- Luciano Cardoso Dias.

Power and Relationship:

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Crusoe taught Friday several things that he considered to be useful:
- First, Friday should call him "Amo", because he thought that he owed him respect for his saved life;
- Second, he taught that he was against the anthropophagic ritual (eating human flesh), since Friday came from a tribe with the belief that eating human flesh was correct;
- Third, he taught that it was important to walk dressed, for that he gave him some clothes;
- Fourth, he taught the English language to facilitate communication;
- Fifth, he taught how to use firearms to hunt for food;
- Sixth, he taught how to eat roasted and salted meat from animals, so that he would not crave human meat again;

Historical Context of Robinson Crusoe:

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Robinson Crusoe's journey takes place in the context of 17th-century European imperialism and colonialism, as different countries explored the Americas, establishing colonies and exploiting natives. More specifically, Defoe was likely inspired or influenced by the real-life adventures of Alexander Selkirk. Selkirk was a Scottish man who survived for four years stranded on an island in the south Pacific. His amazing story of survival spread widely after he returned to Europe in 1711 (not long before Defoe published Robinson Crusoe).

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