The majority of fatalities (52%) occur among the 16-30 age group, suggesting that motorcycle fatalities are often due to driver inexperience. (Abdelfatah, 2016)

What should be done?

• Improve awareness and educate drivers and motorcyclists about the traffic and safety regulations

• Conduct mass media campaigns (via TV, radio, billboard advertisements on roads)

The best target group of people to implement road safety awareness and why?:

High school and university students (age group of 18-25)

Introducing awareness to build their competencies as early as possible

• Humanistic perspective: Improve road user education
• Technologically and economically feasible: Economical to hold talks in schools, universities, and advertising on billboards 
• Environmental friendly: N/A

The most commonly reported causes of accidents in Malaysia are ‘Dangerous Turning’ (28.8%), ‘Speeding’ (16.1%) and ‘Other offenses’ (15.8%). (Abdelfatah, 2016)

DESIGN SMARTER STREETS

• Build more traffic circles(roundabouts), speed humps(vertical control), and narrower roads

• To reduce the occurrence of speeding, encourage higher safety compliance 

IMPLEMENT STRICTER TRAFFIC LAWS

• Through tougher penalties :- reinforce fine collection systems for speeding offenses and violation of traffic rules

• Increase the age of acquiring driving license and implement of stricter driving test
  Data and statistics: Approximately 35% of the motorcycle drivers don’t have appropriate drivers' license. (Abdelfatah, 2016)

• Data and statistics: A study of motorcycle fatalities reported that the majority were riders (89%), aged 16 to 20 years (22.5%), and 90% of the motorcycles were privately owned. Only 75% of the motorcyclists involved wore helmets. (Lum, 2019)

• Humanistic perspective: Improve public safety 
• Technologically and economically feasible: N/A
• Environmental friendly: N/A

The most commonly reported causes of accidents in Malaysia are ‘Dangerous Turning’ (28.8%), ‘Speeding’ (16.1%) and ‘Other offenses’ (15.8%). (Abdelfatah, 2016)

• Automated vehicle 

• Automated traffic control system 

• Intelligent transportation system 

• Automated speed enforcement (speed and red light cameras)

• Humanistic perspective: Lessen the burden of law enforcement officers. improve safety and remove risk of human error.
• Technologically and economically feasible: N/A
• Environmental friendly: N/A

The number of fatalities within the five years (2013-2017) in Selangor recorded a very high number which is 4882 number of deaths while the number of fatal accidents occurring in  Perlis was the lowest which is  302. The main cause  of  this significant  difference is the  population density in the state. Selangor is the state with the highest population density of 5.46 million while Perlis has a total population of 0.23 million. (Khairul et al., 2018)

What should be done?

• Improve public transport system infrastructure and services 

• Offer discounted tickets at certain time (reduce road congestion at early evening)
  Data and statistics: More than 38% of the daytime accidents occur between 4 and 10 p.m., with the highest percentage (14%) occurring between 6 and 8 p.m. which is one of the busiest time on the roads. (Abdelfatah, 2016)

• Increase the availability of public transport

• Humanistic perspective: Provide freedom for people that are unable to drive to go anywhere. Tickets for public transit such as bus, LRT etc. are affordable by the general public, with occasional government incentives.  
• Technologically and economically feasible: Yes, no huge technological gap between possible improvements to be made, high return as transit agencies and organizations employ many people and create many private-sector jobs.
• Environmental friendly: Yes, lessen gas use and reduces pollution (less fuel burned = better air quality)

• More reliable system: better coverage at an affordable price 
• Provide an alternative option for road users instead of relying on private vehicles
• Helps in reducing road density and improving road congestion due to high car ownership, thus decrease the risk of road accident
• Decreases the number of accidents caused by distracted driving (fatigue, driving under influence, inexperienced drivers) 

• No huge technological gap between possible improvements to be made. These improvements are realistic and achievable by Malaysia’s current technological standards. 
• High return as transit agencies and organizations employ many people and create more job opportunities .

• Improve fuel efficiency 
• Reduce air pollution 

• Depending on methods of education, different perspectives can be fulfilled. 

• Talks and campaigns may not fulfil humanistic and environmental friendly aspects: lack of interest from students and public as the contents are almost similar most of the time and require large areas for talks. 

• Advertisements, billboards may approach to public at first but the effects would not be long-lasting. 

• Enforcing traffic laws alone is not effective.

• Street design measures may be hard to be applied as more time and workforce are needed to be approved to reconstruct roads, and more funds from the government are needed. 

• Lack of discipline and awareness from road users

• Automated enforcement shows lack of empathy and reduce human labour and then lead to possible structural unemployment.

• Low user acceptance of new technologies in Malaysia. 

• Automation requires high cost to develop and implement the advanced technology.

• High maintenance cost 

• Over-relying on the use of electronic devices causing a surge of carbon footprint 

• Automation produces E-waste which possesses carcinogenic and toxic potential that might cause serious impact on human and environment 

• Recycling of E-waste is still questionable.