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      <title>Week 14. Anti-Immigrant policies, law enforcement, and governance and their impact on Women by Andrea SanPim</title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l</link>
      <description>Hecho con asombro</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2021-04-20 16:00:29 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2025-05-29 14:31:09 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
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         <title>Anti-Immigrant policies, law enforcement, and governance and their impact on Women. Landale, Nancy S., Oropesa, Aggie J. Noah, Marianne M Hillemeier. 2006. “Early cognitive skills of Mexican-origin children: The roles of parental nativity and legal status.” Social Science Research 58: 198-209.</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438645634</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 16:03:51 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438645634</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>1.According to the authors, there are hierarchical positions established by the immigration status and ethnicity. Which ones do the authors identify? What variables impact the hierarchical positions and why? Could you add another variable?</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438676767</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 16:09:33 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438676767</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>2. Does the mother’s legal immigration status have an impact among Mexican children? How? </title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438682008</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 16:10:31 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438682008</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>3. What is the role played by the communities and the neighborhood environment in the families and therefore, in the cognitive skills of the children?</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438683323</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 16:10:46 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438683323</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Olivia Salcido, &amp; Madelaine Adelman. (2004). He Has Me Tied with the Blessed and Damned Papers: Undocumented-Immigrant Battered Women in Phoenix, Arizona. Human Organization, 63(2), 162-172</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438693175</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 16:12:38 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438693175</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>1. How are immigration policies linked to the domestic violence policies? </title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438920956</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 16:55:15 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438920956</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>2. How are the experiences of immigrant women around being “illegal” and facing gender violence? </title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438923093</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 16:55:39 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438923093</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>3. What do you think about terms such as “battered women,” “illegal women,” and domestic violence? </title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438935710</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 16:58:02 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438935710</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Woo Morales, Ofelia, Montoya Zavala, Erika, &amp; Ochoa O&#39;Leary, Anna. (2014). A Headache Every Day since the New Law: Mexican Women in the Hair Salon Business and Anti-immigrant Policies in Arizona. Migraciones Internacionales, 7(3), 133-164.</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438961202</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><strong>&nbsp;</strong></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 17:02:49 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438961202</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>1. How is the involvement of immigrant women in the informal sector in Arizona? </title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438974338</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 17:05:13 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438974338</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>2. What are the factors that impact self-employment activities of Mexican immigrant women amidst restricted immigration policies?</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438979432</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 17:06:10 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438979432</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>3. In your opinion, self-employment contributes with women´s liberation or oppression, according to “disadvantage theory.”</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438984267</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 17:07:03 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1438984267</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>aracelyrivera</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1439319635</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/828854027/a05421f61a4e27b817cdc6a7d7d87e93/image.png" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 18:09:53 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1439319635</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1439707010</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.instagram.com/p/CN0lZLqHR9U/?igshid=1ek33epykg5j" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 19:34:32 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1439707010</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Migration is a feminist issue</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440207364</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.unfpa.org/news/five-reasons-migration-feminist-issue" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-20 22:38:21 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440207364</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Violence against immigrant and refugee women</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440362283</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/other-types/immigrant-and-refugee-women" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 00:04:21 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440362283</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Ending Violence Against Migrant Women</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440369130</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/ending-violence-against-migrant-women" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 00:07:22 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440369130</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>What makes migrants vulnerable to gender-based violence?</title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440372628</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://rosanjose.iom.int/site/en/blog/what-makes-migrants-vulnerable-gender-based-violence" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 00:08:57 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440372628</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440502571</link>
         <description><![CDATA[AP scores are higher among Mexican children with undocumented mothers when
they live in a neighborhood characterized by high immigrant concentration. Residing in a neighborhood with high immigrant
concentration does not similarly benefit children with U.S.-born mothers, regardless of their ethnicity. Again, the role of neigh
borhood
immigrant concentration is similar for Mexican children of undocumented and documented immigrant mothers]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 00:57:47 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440502571</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author></author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440513861</link>
         <description><![CDATA[mmigrant concentration is
positively associated with early reading and mathematics test scores among Mexican children of both undocumented and
documented immigrants, but is not similarly protective of children with U.S.-born parents.]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:01:47 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440513861</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440549524</link>
         <description><![CDATA[Women are often the first to explore informal economies and become self employed
“According to disadvantage theory, reasons for self-employment are rooted in the challenges posed by the low social status of immigrants, such as those caused by sopcial exclusion, discrimination, unauthorized status, lack of access to labor markets, and high unemployment” 
Aprox. 500 000 migrants without documents reside in Arizona, 10% of the entire state´s labor force. 
Legal Arizona Workers Act, Arizona, 2007: made it a requirement for licensing agencies to verify legal residence
More likely to be exploited in the labor market than their male counterparts
They experienced greater increases in wage earnings after they were given legal authorization to work
Mexican women earn lower wages when compared to women migrants from other countries
Gender income disparities persists
]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:14:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440549524</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440554677</link>
         <description><![CDATA[A negative impact on the number of employees but not on the number of businesses
More policing by employers 
Revival of long-standing racial profiling practices
]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:16:45 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440554677</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440555414</link>
         <description><![CDATA[“According to disadvantage theory, reasons for self-employment correspond to the challenges inherent in belonging to a socially-disadvantaged group… social exclusion, discrimination, lack of access to labor markets and high unemployment…”
“American entrepreneurs”, life chances and upward mobility are not wholly determined by individual agency but rather conditioned in part by the structural forces and individual´s control and socially constructed by the realities of class, privilege, and stigma. At the same time, such realities are overshadowed by the idealized and illusory image of the American entrepreneur as self-reliant and endowed with rugged self-determination; and through the power of myth, barriers congealed by race, gender, and ethnicity are effectively downplayed.”
“undocumented status is one of several factors that contribute to the socially and economically disadvantaged situaciton of immigrants, and likewise of those that are seld employed.”
Those who are undeocumented are more disadvantaged in the formal labor market
]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:17:01 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440555414</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440561123</link>
         <description><![CDATA[Women developed a strong work ethic that had emerged as a result of experiencing hardship
More jobs, bad salaries
They need help from the family to register their business: social network
They cannot get tax refunds to invest in their business
Manage their own time
Many of the stylist work at their clients houses, they charge less money than in a local
To be safe, they just work with people they know
self employment but working in the shadows
]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:19:06 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440561123</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440568179</link>
         <description><![CDATA[Women developed a strong work ethic that had emerged as a result of experiencing hardshipMore jobs, bad salariesThey need help from the family to register their business: social networkThey cannot get tax refunds to invest in their businessManage their own timeMany of the stylist work at their clients houses, they charge less money than in a localTo be safe, they just work with people they knowself employment but working in the shadows]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:21:38 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440568179</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440568972</link>
         <description><![CDATA[“According to disadvantage theory, reasons for self-employment correspond to the challenges inherent in belonging to a socially-disadvantaged group… social exclusion, discrimination, lack of access to labor markets and high unemployment…”“American entrepreneurs”, life chances and upward mobility are not wholly determined by individual agency but rather conditioned in part by the structural forces and individual´s control and socially constructed by the realities of class, privilege, and stigma. At the same time, such realities are overshadowed by the idealized and illusory image of the American entrepreneur as self-reliant and endowed with rugged self-determination; and through the power of myth, barriers congealed by race, gender, and ethnicity are effectively downplayed.”“undocumented status is one of several factors that contribute to the socially and economically disadvantaged situaciton of immigrants, and likewise of those that are seld employed.”Those who are undeocumented are more disadvantaged in the formal labor market]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:21:56 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440568972</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440569466</link>
         <description><![CDATA[Women are often the first to explore informal economies and become self employed“According to disadvantage theory, reasons for self-employment are rooted in the challenges posed by the low social status of immigrants, such as those caused by sopcial exclusion, discrimination, unauthorized status, lack of access to labor markets, and high unemployment” Aprox. 500 000 migrants without documents reside in Arizona, 10% of the entire state´s labor force. Legal Arizona Workers Act, Arizona, 2007: made it a requirement for licensing agencies to verify legal residenceMore likely to be exploited in the labor market than their male counterpartsThey experienced greater increases in wage earnings after they were given legal authorization to workMexican women earn lower wages when compared to women migrants from other countriesGender income disparities persists]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:22:06 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440569466</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440586511</link>
         <description><![CDATA[“border crossing and criminality can constitute survival as well as battering strategies and reflect on the place of kin and family in how immigrant women from Mx struggle simultaneously around being illegal and battered.”
undocumented status contribute to or contain men´s battering
“The US allocates immigrant visas largely based on occupation, race or nationality, gender, or marital status, while sustaining conservative notions of a husband's authority over his wife.
Immigration Act, 1921: expanded the number of legally dependent women
Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendment, 1986: she has to prove that marriage is/was on good faith
Immigration Act, 1990: a resident who legally entered the US via the sponsorship of her spouse child request that her conditional residency be changed to permanent, even if the marriage ended during the conditional period
Violence Against Women Act, 1994, Reautorized in 2000, VAWA II: they dont have to prove extreme hardship, created a discretionary waiver for good moral character determinations
Excludes wifes who crossed the borders, lesbian or unmarried but living with a legal resident
Immigration shapes domestic violence and domestic violence informs the movement of people across the border
“The border can be an emergency exit or an escape from a violent and controlling spouse. But the border also can be a prison, containing women and thwarting their escape from the near total institution of battering. The border can be a resource and a strategy of survival but it can also be a means of violence and illegality.”
]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:28:13 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440586511</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>andreasp1985</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440590476</link>
         <description><![CDATA[Abusive husbands threaten to call INS, withdraw petitions for their LPR, destroy legal paperwork, social isolation, mobility, language barriers associated with immigration also constrain battered women´s safety strategies 
“speak with someone without feeling that I am being judged or that when speaking, I may reveal too much and cause more harm and create more resentment against him…”
Unemployed and relied on an intimate partner or son for financial support
“coming to the US has meant becoming accustomed to having less of everything: income, social mobility, everything… The majority reported negative experience with social service agencies, due to fear, denial of services, or detrimental outcomes”
Racialized national identity, marginal economic positions.
Sonia and Jazmin went back and they were blamed for not keeping their husbands
Women are concerned that calling the police may lead to their own arrest or deportation
Could risk an escalation of abuse, along with unwillingness to support LPR applications
Women struggle to obtain safety and simultaneously avoid detection by the state
1. Women who cross “illegally” are considered criminals and therefore are eligible for deportation unless they meet the criteria of VAWA II
2. To survive while excluding deportation, women may work illegaly, including sex work, drive without a license, or present fraudulent papers to obtain financial aid for education or other forms of public assistance, sush as chilld care
3. Engage in criminal activities
4. “Women who cross the border legally may become illegal or undocumented as a result of battering when a hubsband refuses to petition her LPR, wothdraws his sponsorship, or prevents her form completing the applications process by stealing mail, destroying official documents, or reporting her illegal work arrangements or activities of questionable morality”
]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2021-04-21 01:29:35 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/andreasp1985/tktbdgybge0ygv1l/wish/1440590476</guid>
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