Culture & Diversity Timeline of American Education History Collaboration Task by Crystal Crawford

1896

2024-02-08 22:44:54 UTC

The event I chose was Plessy v Ferguson which was a court ruling in 1896 that would fundamentally change the way African Americans were able to receive an education. This ruling established the “separate but equal doctrine” though the Supreme Court failing to define what constituted as separate and equal which would allow racism to affect what constituted as equal and reasonable. Plessy v Ferguson’s ruling from the Supreme Court would force the U.S. legal system to construct a concept of what race was. The south defined it as the “one drop of blood rule” which was that no matter how distant an African Ancestor was if one was present in their family tree then they were in fact African American.

This ruling would affect education for almost 60 years, this ruling would perpetuate horrible stereotypes and treatment of African Americans by purposely underfunding their programs and issuing old material. This ruling affected so many over the course of 60 years and its affect is still prevalent to this day through still underfunded schools in rural communities and out of date school materials.

Zach Hadden

Spring, J. (2022). Chapter 5. In American Education (20th ed.). essay, McGraw. Retrieved from https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/reader/books/9781000385045/epubcfi/6/26[%3Bvnd.vst.idref%3DCh05]!/4.

1966

camarrington — 2024-02-09 02:06:07 UTC

The event I have chosen is The Migrant Education Program. This program was established in 1966. I chose this program because it would represent culture and diversity well. The Migrant Education program is for children with parents who work as harvesters. When the children's parents harvest in 6 weeks, they can get some kind of education. Some families soon realized that it was better to stay and then a 12-month program came along. This widened the community and helped them learn more about there the migrant culture because most of them were Hispanic. This also helped the Hispanics with this program because it was hard for them to learn in some places because of the language they spoke. The children were able to learn better and live a better life maybe learning some about their communities culture and inheriting some of them. At the end of the article, it says "Migrant workers contribute many personal and cultural strengths to our community. These include their strong work ethic, their love of family, and their interest in the education of their children." I believe this is an amazing program.

Camlyn Arrington

https://www.k12albemarle.org/our-departments/instruction/migrant/history-of-migrant-education#:~:text=In%201966%20Congress%20responded%20to,Washington%20D.C.%20and%20Puerto%20Rico.

1994

2024-02-09 21:47:11 UTC

This article gives us information as to why Cultural Diversity in American Schools is important and analyzes the educational implications of the cultural diversity of American Schools. It states, "The success of schools and educators depends on the understanding that embraces racial, gender, cultural, and attitudinal differences."

(Page 1, Johnson A. Afolayan Moorehead State University)

I found the statistics interesting. They showed different migrant backgrounds and the differences in educational opportunities as they changed throughout the years and how different factors changed education and the testing results by being educated. By giving the statistics of the different ethnic backgrounds and understanding to research and understand each child who walks into my classroom, I was able to learn more about how/what I can do, to better teach my students and give them the best education possible.

Stephany Spencer

Johnson A. Afolayan

Moorehead State University

Volume 13, 1994

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/tia/17063888.0013.012/--implication-of-cultural-diversity-in-american-schools?rgn=main;view=fulltext

1954

2024-02-09 22:05:33 UTC

The event I chose was the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka which occurred in 1954. The case originated when a plaintiff named Oliver Brown filed a class-action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, in 1951, after his daughter, Linda Brown, was denied entrance to Topeka’s all-white elementary schools. Brown claimed that schools for Black children were not equal to the white schools, and that segregation violated the “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment (History.com, n.d.).
It overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, which had authorized racial segregation in public facilities, including schools. This decision laid the groundwork for the desegregation of schools across the United States and set a legal precedent for challenging segregation in other areas of society (History.com, n.d.).This decision helped start the civil rights movement and made people realize that separating kids in schools based on race was wrong. It changed the law and made schools desegregate, which means they had to let kids of all races go to the same schools. This was a big step towards ending segregation in other parts of society too.

Abigahile Bruny

History.com (n.d.). Brown v. Board of Education: Summary, ruling & impact. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka

1964

2024-02-10 04:56:26 UTC

The event I chose was Griffin v. County School Board of Prince County. This case started back in 1951 when a group of African American students filed a complaint saying that the Virginia laws requiring segregated schools denied them their Fourteenth Amendment rights to equal protection under the law. After Brown v BOE, this case was remanded to the lower courts and schools were to desegregate. Later on, in 1964, the Supreme Court held that the Prince Edward County School Board could not close its schools to avoid desegregation mandates. The Court held that the school board's attempt to close public schools and reappropriate public funds to open private segregated schools violated the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The Supreme Court said that the students in Prince County were treated differently than other students in Virginia counties. There was no justification for denying all of these students their constitutional rights. The court concluded that a decree should be issued guaranteeing students in Prince Edward County the kind of education that was available in all state public schools. The segregation in this county was completely abolished. Not only within this one county but this case helped spread the word and change school systems all around America.

Noah Storey

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Griffin-v-County-School-Board-of-Prince-Edward-County

1974

2024-02-10 23:49:46 UTC

The event I chose was Milliken vs. Bradley. This event was a major setback for both American culture and American Education. This was all done essentially through the hands of U.S. President Richard Nixon. He had appointed judges in the Supreme Court to resegregate United States schools. This ruling was able to work around the ruling of Brown Vs. The Board of Education. (1) It was said that desegregation could not be applied to the white suburban areas, which effectively kept those areas white. Now many years later we see many inner-city schools as predominately black. This is due to the hands of Richard Nixon. U.S. Presidents used to have much more power with appointing Supreme Court officials. Once he had a majority power in the Supreme court all decisions which he could want to be made, simply could be. This ruling had a profound effect in urban areas, with a very small change in rural areas. Most black people at the time lived in inner-city areas, and many of which residing in ghettos. Nixon, of course, wanted it to stay this way. This decision has lowered the rates of black education through the years and very little people currently know of it. The white and suburban schools continued to produce thriving students while inner city ghetto schools had to make due of lesser funding, and in turn produced a poorer education for students of color.

Wyatt Perron

Baugh, J. A. (2011). The Detroit School Busing Case. Landmark Law Cases & American.

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2002

sarahpickle2002 — 2024-02-11 00:43:45 UTC

The event I have chosen is the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). This law was put into place during George W. Bush's presidency. The law was supposed to improve the number of children being held back in grade school as well as closing the learning gap between disadvantaged students and advantaged students. The idea was to achieve this goal, standardized testing had to be implemented to see where kids were struggling in school. Hence every state was required to bring the students in their school system to a skilled level, although it was up to the states to determine what they wanted for their students and what level was appropriate for the students. This law is supposed to keep schools accountable for keeping their student on track and also for making their "adequate yearly progress" known as AYP. If a school doesn't meet these standards they have to let parents choose other schools in the county, they have to start tutoring programs and in some cases might be shut down due to the state having to take over because of the school's poor progress. This law urges schools to find teachers who are qualified and fit for teaching, These teachers had to be implemented in schools that are in areas of poverty and wealthier areas as well. Overall this was supposed to help the public education system, but this has become a very controversial topic among educators and parents. Some people don't believe that it's very effective because it puts too much focus on certain subjects in the classroom which takes away from others. Schools were given a deadline to meet standards that the government put into place and half of them were failing. This was supposed to uplift the schools, but sadly schools were performing worse than before the law was even put into place. The timeline the schools were given to have their students at an adequate level was from 2002 to 2014, at the end of the timeline, President Barack Obama was in office. Obama's administration decided to rewrite the act to hopefully better serve the American public school education system.

Sarah Picklesimer

Klein, A. (2023, November 9). No child left behind: An overview. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04

1975

2024-02-11 02:23:23 UTC

The event I have chosen is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) of 1975. It is a federal law that requires public schools to provide reasonable and appropriate accommodations for all children with disabilities ages 3-21. Over the years, EAHCA has been expanded upon and has been renamed to the Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA). States that comply with this law are granted federal funds. Note that the guidelines presented in the law are only minimum standards that states must comply with, and many states have additional guidelines for their programs. Some of the guidelines in IDEA are the duration of services (i.e. a child getting care beyond the traditional school year, like summer and winter breaks), free education, individualized education programs (IEP's), identification of the specific disability of the child, and limitation of isolation of the child from traditional schooling (the goal of this is to assimilate the child with "normal" society as much as possible.) I think this is a wonderful program and allows children with disabilities to have access to better opportunities in their adult lives.

Shelby Little

Educational Rights for Children With Disabilities. www.mottchildren.org. (2023, February 28). https://www.mottchildren.org/health-library/ue4929

1957

2024-02-11 20:27:17 UTC

The Little Rock Nine event is a landmark event in the history of education in the United States stepping towards equal access and equal quality of education for all. This event is due to a supreme court case, Brown vs Board of Education (1954), that ultimately declared segregation, which had been legal for the previous 60 years, to be illegal in public schools. The reason this is important to equal access and quality of education is because it showed that the federal government was not only willing to put it on paper that everyone should have equal access to education, but it also showed that the government was willing to take serious measures to ensure this happened. According to George Washington University, “When Brown v. Board of Education declared state-sponsored segregation of public schools to be unconstitutional, public schools were placed in the vanguard of ensuring equity, at times amid enormous backlash.” The Little Rock Arkansas in the “Little Rock 9” event in which President Eisenhower called upon the Army to escort nine black students into class against the will of the Arkansas governor who had been actively preventing the nine students from entering Little Rock Central High School using the Arkansas national guard.

Kober, Nancy (2020). History and Evolution of Public Education in the US.

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED606970.pdf

Ethan Curry

1965

dvanover1 — 2024-02-11 22:01:28 UTC

The event I chose was the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. In 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and one important thing he did was implementing this act. He believed "full educational opportunity should be our first nation goal." This act provided funding and opportunities for students in low-income situations. New grants and federal funding helped make this possible. This also helps students with disabilities, and other things that could affect their schooling. This will be able to provide more of an equal opportunity for education among different students with different situations.Another important aspect this act incorporates, is being able to provide resources for students who do not speak english as their first language. Many people in the United States have their first language as things like spanish. Now they will be given the ability to learn english,so they have more potential to be successful with their education. The goal was to shorten achievement gaps among students. This act goes along with the idea of no child left behind. These students are the future of the nation, and we want to give them as many resources as we possibly can to create a positive future.

Delaney Vanover

Every student succeeds act (ESSA). Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) | U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). https://www.ed.gov/essa?src=rn

History and evolution of public education in the US. (n.d.). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED606970.pdf

1817

dmarchesi3 — 2024-02-11 22:48:42 UTC

The event I chose to write about is the opening of the American School for the Deaf (ASD) in Hartford, Connecticut. Being founded by Thomas Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc, both had the intention of bringing a strong education program to the deaf population in America. The school aimed to teach students literacy, salvation (biblical), and the means on which to earn a living. Students at the time of opening were only open to deaf boys, with the establishment of deaf girls joining the school in 1864. This event is a crucial event in the diversity and inclusion of American education because it was the first time there was a school opened for the deaf in the states. Both Gallaudet and Clerc had been studied deaf education in Europe. Gallaudet studied under Abbé de l’Épée, the founder of the first school for the deaf in France. Clerc has studied at that school. Within the first half a century of the university, ASD served as a model for how other schools can become more inclusive, as with all instruction being held in sign language, it allowed for other universities to see how they too can educate a wider demographic. In addition to this, many of the students became educators for deaf schools across the country, expanding the inclusivity and diversity of American education.

Dennis Marchesi

A Brief History Of The American School For The Deaf – ICPHS. (n.d.). https://www.icphs2019.org/a-brief-history-of-the-american-school-for-the-deaf

‌American School for the Deaf. (2013). American School for the Deaf. Asd-1817.org. https://www.asd-1817.org/about/history--cogswell-heritage-house

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1830

2024-02-12 00:16:14 UTC

The event I chose is the establishment of common schools. Horace Mann began advocating for the introduction and creation of public schools. He pushed for theses schools to be free of charge and available to all children no matter what their situation. The point of the schools would be to introduce the different subjects in school such as reading, writing, arithmetic, history, geography, etc.. He also wanted to "instill civic virtues." Education was also seen as a source of happiness and fulfillment for some people. Some Americans were not in support of this idea. They thought they would be paying for other students education who did not deserve it. This is not the case at all. Some also though a "universal education" was not fair to children of all races and ethnicities. Again, this is untrue. Advocates saw public schools as a way to decrease poverty, crime, etc.. In order for the idea to work, a significant amount of children would need to be enrolled into school. There were enough people who decided to give it a shot and now today we have our version of the public school system. The introduction of public schools has greatly impacted society as a whole. Students are able to have free access to unlimited amounts of knowledge.

Madyson Tankersley

Kober, Nancy (2020). History and Evolution of Public Education in the US.

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED606970.pdf

1647

bhardeman1 — 2024-02-12 00:56:59 UTC

In Massachusetts, the General Court of the decrees that every town of fifty families should have an elementary school. But every town of 100 families should have a Latin school. This was to ensure that Puritan children learn to read the Bible and receive basic information about their Calvinist religion.

This law was called the Law of 1647, or the Old Deluder Satan Act. It was born out of parental negligence. This was a point in the nation's educational history that formal schooling became more desirable.

Education became more of a social responsibility as teachers were formally hired for the purpose of teaching the nation's younger people. School was becoming more of a priority. Another institution made an appearance on the educational stage was a "Dame" school. These schools were set up in the homes, most often the kitchens, of women within the community who had both the time and inclination to teach students in a tutoring manner. In exchange for their services, women received some meager allowance.

There were traveling schoolmasters who made their way to numerous towns to teach children, contributing to the dream of social harmony, religion and literacy.

University of Notre Dame. (n.d.). https://www3.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/masslaws.html

Bria Hardeman

1567

2024-02-12 02:05:04 UTC

The event I chose is the evolution of the diversity of cultures. Culture is the way throughout history, wars, and revolutions have led to the mixing and blending of different cultures. These events often result in the exchange of ideas, languages, traditions, and beliefs, contributing to the diversity of cultures in different regions. Boyd and Richerson define culture as a species-specific trait in which the human brain produces mental states that process, transmit, and receive information capable of affecting individuals. Humans across the nation have different backgrounds and different living environments. These interactions can lead to cultural borrowing, adaptation, and innovation as people incorporate elements of other cultures into their own practices and identities. Humans have been migrating for thousands of years, whether due to environmental factors, economic opportunities, or conflicts. Migration brings together people from different cultural backgrounds, leading to the formation of multicultural societies and the enrichment of cultural diversity. Humans are now associated with MSA/mode 3 technology, meaning they are associated with the middle stone age and are exemplified by the Levallois technique.

Laneishia Holmes

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049104/

https://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Richerson/CultDivers.pdf

1830's

2024-02-12 06:13:38 UTC

The event I chose was the establishment of public schools in America. In the beginning schools started out as faith based or run by churches, but in the 1830's a man by the name of Horace Mann, who was a Massachusetts's legislator and secretary of the state's board of education began a journey to install public schools in America. The idea of public schools was that they would be available to all children, free of charge, and funded by the state government. This idea was known as "common school." "The common school movement encouraged the creation of public schools for multiple purposes." These common schools advocated for the pursuit of knowledge, civic benefit, and economic benefit. The common school is most like what you see today as public school, they teach reading, writing, mathematics, science, and history. This event was significant because it gave all children, such as poor middle class and opportunity to prepare for jobs and increase the states economic standing. The idea of public school started here and with a little refining throughout the years it created the public school system we know today.

Katie Bruce

Pangle, T. L., & Pangle, L. S. (1993). The Learning of liberty: The educational ideas of the American founders. University Press of Kansas. Tyack, D., & Lowe, R. (1986, February). The Constitutional moment: Reconstruction and black education in the South. American Journal of Education, 94(2), 236-256. Vinovskis, M. A. (1992, January 1). Schooling and poor children in 19th-century America. American Behavioral Scientist, 35(3), 313-331.

2017

2024-02-23 20:00:54 UTC

In 2017, the US Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights settled an investigation of racial disparities in Milwaukee that resulted in the promotion of equity and report progress(Lewis, 2023). From this teachers began discussing difficult, but relevant, topics in the classrooms, clubs, and meetings in regards to racial discrimination, aggression, prejudice, and many other topics Principle Torres, a BLM and diversity activist, thought would bring awareness to such issues. What ignited her drive to push for racial awareness and inclusivity was the poor treatment towards Black students versus the favoritism to the other students. In the article Torres states “You could see the difference in how teachers treated Hmong kids and how they treated our African American students" and “That hurt my heart to see. Why is this happening? It’s all the biases" (Lewis, 2023). Since this settlement, there are monthly council meetings between students and teachers for students to give input on their classroom and education experience, school climate, food choices etc. There has also been an implementation of more culturally diverse topics and lessons in the school assignments. For example, in one of the Literature classes, there was a lesson on the "Fences" by August Wilson. The "Fences" theme revolves around the protection of Black identity, but how 'fences' have to be built as protection from white discrimination(Lewis, 2023).

-Hannah Krecskay

Lewis, K. R. (2023a, October 5). Schools spend billions on training so every student can succeed. they don’t know if it works. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/education/2023/09/14/flawed-equity-efforts-us-schools-teachers/70679911007/

1960

2024-02-29 15:26:48 UTC

Ruby Bridges is the picture for change in the Education system in Louisiana. At the tender age of 6y/o, Bridges passed the test assigned to all African-American students to generate a list of those "smart enough" to join all white schools. Bridges passed with flying colors and in November 1960, she was put in the middle of a cultural diversity movement.

Adrianna Lewis

1988

2024-03-15 13:53:05 UTC

I choose to write abut school desegregation. The supreme court’s 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision finally mandated equal access to education. Even though the Brown v. Board of Education, some school still was segregated. White teachers separated black children and labeled them as educationally impaired. Teachers wasn’t made to learn about every culture, but they should be sensitive to all children and be positive to them. A recent ethnographic study of a junior high school showed that although students came to the school with hopeful visions of the future, the school, in actuality, did not show them how to handle life experiences. Multicultural education means educating everyone in a way that promotes equality, unity, acceptance, and understanding so that each individual can develop a positive self-image to help him or her have an equal opportunity for success. Multicultural includes everyone, whether Black, White, rich, poor, handicapped, male, female, Alabamian, Californian—everyone is multicultural in the fact that we all have differences. Because students are so diverse, it is the job of the educators to provide each with an equal opportunity for a good education. The teacher has the greatest opportunity to help in achieving this. I wrote about this to show how much things from back in the 1900s up until today.

Shayna McNair

Banks, J.A., & Banks, C.A. (1989). Multicultural education issues and perspectives.

1635

2024-04-16 20:32:02 UTC

The event that I chose to write about is the nation's oldest public school, Boston Latin School. The town of Boston built the school in 1635. The school first started with a curriculum that centered around humanities then later The school adopted a four-year course of study in 1789. Most of the beliefs like many cultures were influenced by the ancestors. The ancestors believed that " which is good and comes from the soul". Just like schools in today's society, The Boston Latin School school was funded by the public. Many people played a role in shaping the school, Master Phiemond Port holding the first classes, Ezekia Cheever influenced their accepted Latin grammar. Over the many years leading up to the 1900s' there were multiple additions to the school ending with both the renovation of the main building and the construction of a new physical education. In 1998, the admission department implemented change and the requirements were solely based on grades and scores from the assessment as opposed to other factors. The first woman who was appointed headmaster was Cornelia A Kelly in the year of 1998 making it possible for many other women to be appointed after her. Fortunately, like many other schools, they were able to adjust during the pandemic and sustain themselves as an institution.

MarQuisha Brantley

BLS history. BLS. (n.d.). https://www.bls.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=206116&type=d

1962

savannahdoggette — 2024-04-26 20:28:39 UTC

The case I chose was Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962). This case is over school-sponsored prayer in public schools being unconstitutional. This case came about because a New York State law required public schools to open each day saying the Pledge of Allegiance. They also required public schools to say a nondenominational prayer that professes their dependence to God. Students who have objectifiable excuses not to participate in this were excused. Several parties found this to be unfair and invalid. One parent in particular found this to be a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment which is made applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Justice Black held that school-sponsored prayer violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The majority stated the point that allowing certain students to excuse themselves from this prayer does not make the law constitutional because the First Amendment's purpose is to prevent the government from interfering with religious aspects. The majority stated that religion is important to a lot of American people but there is a wide variety of beliefs so it isn't applicable to make students adhere to one specific belief system.

Justice Douglas took an even broader view of the Establishment Clause stating that any form of public promotion of religion violates the Establishment Clause. In his dissent, Justice Stewart stated that the Establishment Clause was specifically meant to prohibit the establishment of state-sponsored churches but not prohibit the involvement of government with religion. He argued that because the prayer was nondenominational and there was an allowance of exemption, it removed all constitutional challenges.

This relates to culture and diversity in education because everyone has different beliefs. People come from different backgrounds therefore, requiring them to say a prayer that doesn't revolve around their beliefs is not appropriate. I can understand the Pledge of Allegiance because we all live in the United States but even so, you cannot force students to stand up and recite things that don't line up with their beliefs or what their parents have personally taught them in their household. Being forced to do school work, projects, etc. in school is valid but prayer is not a part of school lessons. Most individuals that are raised to be engaged in prayer and religious activities are put in religious schools because of the importance of religion in their household. In conclusion, due to the differing backgrounds and cultures of each individual, forcing them to recite beliefs that do not apply to them is unlawful but apparently not to Justice Stewart to the non-denomination of the prayer.

citation:

Facts and case summary - Engel v. Vitale. United States Courts. (n.d.).

https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-

activities/facts-and-case-summary-engel-v-vitale

1972

2024-04-30 20:07:47 UTC

The event I chose is the passing of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Initially, what we now know as Title IX started as proposed amendments to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to include sex discrimination. Later, guided by the first Asian-American woman elected to the house of Representatives and first woman of color in Congress, Patsy Takemoto Mink, Title IX was signed into law on June 23, 1972 under President Richard Nixon. It prohibits the discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program that receives federal financial assistance. Though Title IX covers discrimination across all aspects of education, we see it primarily comes up with regard to school athletics. There are three ways that Title IX covers athletic programs, accommodation to students' athletic interest and abilities, the awarding of financial scholarships, and the benefits, treatment, and opportunities given to men's and women's teams. All institutions are also required to have a Title IX Coordinator, and if a student does experience something that violates Title IX, they can file a complaint with the United States Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. However, even with all of these things in place it is still estimated that 80 to 90 percent of schools are not compliant with Title IX with regard to school athletics. So, as is the case with many other aspects of culture and diversity within American education, there is still work to be done.

Alexandra Wimberly

A Partial Timeline of Educational Oppression in the U.S. (n.d.). https://theequitycollaborative.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Education-Timeline-Handout.pdf

Alexander, K. L. (2019). Patsy Mink. National Women’s History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/patsy-mink

Bell, D. (2022, June 23). Patsy Takemoto Mink’s Title IX Legacy | Teaching with the Library of Congress. Blogs.loc.gov. https://blogs.loc.gov/teachers/2022/06/patsy-takemoto-minks-title-ix-legacy/

The 14th Amendment and the Evolution of Title IX. (n.d.). United States Courts. https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/14th-amendment-and-evolution-title-ix#:~:text=Title%20IX%20of%20the%20Civil

Women's Sports Foundation. (2019, September 10). What is Title IX? - Women’s Sports Foundation. Women’s Sports Foundation. https://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/advocacy/what-is-title-ix/

1998

2024-04-30 20:23:03 UTC

The event I chose to write about is California’s proposition 227 in 1998. This proposition included several different things such as a mandate that made it so public school must be taught primarily in English. It also limited the amount of time LEP (Limited English Proficiency) students could stay in special classes. This meant that students who would have normally taken multi-year English proficiency classes were limited to just one year.

This proposition was very controversial as it was closely related to sensitive topics such as race and immigration. It was passed 61% to 29% and was not overturned until 2016. The original proposition was overturned by proposition 58 which finally allowed public schools to provide students with a bilingual education.

This is important to the history of education because the initial proposition was a huge step back for California. By passing this proposition, California caused further dislike of immigrants and limited students' opportunity to learn. LEP students lost opportunities to better learn English and therefore limited the other classes they could learn from. It is shocking that it took until 2016 for the 1998 proposition to be overturned. However, since the proposition has finally been overturned, bilingual classes have been allowed and there are now many opportunities for non-native English speakers.

Proposition 227, 1998: English Language in Public Schools. (2020). Ca.gov. https://lao.ca.gov/ballot/1998/227_06_1998.htm

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Hailee Dworaczyk