Sex Trafficking- Cambodia by Evelyn Bishop (s5313839) https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj en-us 2023-02-28 11:05:37 UTC 2023-03-17 16:05:42 UTC hello@padlet.com National: s5408960_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497787301 It is difficult for the Cambodian Government to act by themselves to try and eradicate sex trafficking within Cambodia completely. Efforts are being made by the Cambodian Government but they are in need of the extra help from international governments also.

Despite promises by the Cambodian Government to eradicate trafficking rings, people are still being sold in Cambodia for sex and human trafficking (Yan, 2022). The Government of Cambodia are not fully meeting the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but are making efforts to do so (Saiesha, 2022).

More internationally, the United States fund an international programs that the main aim of them is to prevent trafficking, protect and help victims as well as support prosecutions through giving training for the police and other criminal justice personnel (Administration for children & families 2021). This program supports different countries not just in America, with the overall aim being international development as a whole.]]> 2023-02-28 11:14:40 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497787301 Local: s5408960_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497787399 In 2019, the Cambodian authorities were able to crack down on 78 cases of sex trafficking and rescued 263 victims. Out of the 263 victims that were rescued, 70 of them were under the age of 15 years old (Dara 2019). This is an incredible statistic of the work being done by the local authorities.

The ministry's secretary of state Chou Bun Eng, has reported that the authorities a re making great efforts in tackling this crime (Dara 2019). It is proven that the increased efforts in investigations throughout Cambodia led to the most amount of crackdowns and convictions compared to any year prior (Dara 2019). These statistics will continue to increase as time goes on as the local authorities are stepping up and working harder to ensure sex trafficking is being stopped and the perpetrators are getting the convictions they deserve.



]]> 2023-02-28 11:14:46 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497787399 Charity/Aid Provisions: s5408960_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497787590 Within Cambodia sex trafficking is a major issue within adults and children. Charity organisations are so useful for these situations as it provides aid for the individuals that have been unfortunately involved in sex trafficking as well as giving education to outsiders with signs to look out for to do with sex trafficking.

The main charity/aid organisation in Cambodia is 'Cambodia Against Child Trafficking' also known as 'Cambodia ACT'. Cambodia ACT was established in July 2001, in Khao Yai (Thailand), when representatives from Cambodia convened alongside 'Asia Against Child Trafficking' who agreed to work to fight the ongoing issue of child trafficking in Southeast Asia (ACTs, 2023). 

Destiny Rescue is another charity that rescues children from sex trafficking throughout Cambodia and help them from being involved again. The aim of Destiny Rescue is to reintegrate these children back into the appropriate setting and to then focus on the child's future (Rescue n.d.). This organisation is based solely on trying to help these young people make their way back to a 'normal' life that children should be having. In 2022, Destiny Rescue's anti- trafficking work was able to confirm 108 children entered their care, as well as 177 rescues and 3 arrests (Rescue n.d.).]]> 2023-02-28 11:14:58 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497787590 Education: s5408960_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497788061 Education on the sex trafficking in Cambodia is one of the most important parts of the attempt to stop sex trafficking as it gives all individuals a basic knowledge of what you are looking out for. Also, there is information on help and support if you have been a victim within sex trafficking.

Sex trafficking within Cambodia is a clandestine topic, it is not something that is overly spoken about throughout Cambodia (Dyer, 2022). The charity Destiny Rescue have created a team of people ranging from individuals that have been involved in sex trafficking to psychologists, this team is called the 'Freedom Fighter' (Rescue .n.d). Freedom Fighter is used within investigations to add extra help for Destiny Rescue as well as they are a group of people that can educate other young people for what to look out for within things such as the sex trafficking rings.

Traffickers will usually prey on victims who are looking for a better life, so these people will promise the world and offer things such as better job opportunities or romantic relationships to try to reel people in (Centre, 2020). By being educated at a young age, bits of information like this it will decrease the risk of children getting involved within sex trafficking as they at least the basic knowledge of some signs they may be a target for sex trafficking.]]> 2023-02-28 11:15:30 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497788061 Targeting trafficking: s5408960_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497788321 The Cambodian Government has launched the countries first national task force to tackle sex/human trafficking. This new task force will bring together law enforcement groups, government ministries and international agencies to increase the chance of combating the sex trafficking in Cambodia (Delauney 2007). With there being so many small organisations trying to stop trafficking this makes statistics of the success of anti-trafficking efforts harder to be completely accurate (Delauney 2007).

For victims of sex trafficking, there are more noticeable signs of trafficking that are being publicised to reduce the risk of getting caught in the sex trafficking trade. The organisations that are set up to help stop sex trafficking in Cambodia also give out vital information on what the main signs are with someone is being trafficked are. ]]> 2023-02-28 11:15:45 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497788321 The Number of Offences and Victims in Cambodia s5313839_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497791694 Cambodia is a source, transit and destination country for human trafficking which makes it a highly dangerous place for vulnerable people. Human trafficking in Cambodia is consistently rising and has therefore been classified by the US State Department as a Tier 2 watchlist country. As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, human trafficking in Cambodia has worsened and led to the rise of online exploitation of young children and women. Due to the severity of the crime, the true nature and numbers are difficult to gather. However, in 2021, The Department of State identified a total of 364 human trafficking victims after screening for trafficking among 8,370 Cambodian migrants working abroad. A 2018 report by the International Labour Organization shows that there are approximately 16,000 individuals involved in commercial sexual exploitation in Cambodia. This figure is extremely high and a cause for concern as the victims are very vulnerable and therefore trapped.]]> 2023-02-28 11:19:07 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497791694 History and Economy: s5408730 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497791779 Cambodia has constantly been seen as a country with plenty of economic potential. In the late 1800's the French took over Cambodia and used it for its economic potential. Although, this only lasted for around 60 years. 'There were eyewitness accounts of a way between the French expeditionary forces and the Khmer Viet Minh on human settlement patterns.' (Slocomb, 2010). this was quickly settled, but it does show that there has always been a struggle for independence in Cambodia. This may be because of a few factors. Some of those being that Cambodia is a small country and it is much less developed than the other countries that have interfered with the country. 

One of Cambodias main resources was and still is it's forests. 'In 1970 it was estimated that there were 13.5 million hectares of forests that dominate Cambodia. These forests are a high source of income and the forest sectors annual income contributed to 3.7% of it's GDP (Gross Domestic Product). This was because the forests are covered in rich and diverse products. Apart from timber, the forests include firewood, charcoal, bamboo, rattans, honey cardamoms and bark. From 1964-68 there was a very high income because of these products.' (Slocomb, 2010).

In the the 70's there was a large communist movement in Cambodia. this was due to the fact that there were neighbouring countries like North Korea and Vietnam were doing the same. this caused lots of outrage because it was a huge movement in Asian countries because of the influence of Russia. 'Eventually the revolution turned on itself and there were huge rifts caused in Vietnam and Cambodia. There were party ranks that got heavily depleted from bloody surges and many of the Cambodian communists fled to refugee camps in Vietnam.' (Slocomb, 2010). All of this conflict had a heavy part to play in Cambodias economic turmoil. 

When it comes to the present day, there have been plenty of changes in Cambodia. most of these changes have been set into motion since 1990. For instance, there was a Declaration of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Cambodia. This highlighted that 'The main responsibility of Cambodias reconstruction and rehabilitation should rest with the Cambodian people and the governments that are formed after free and fair elections. There should be no attempt to impose a development strategy from any outside sources.' (Slocomb, 2010). This was a step in the right direction to change Cambodia from the  once war ridden country. Once the Cold War finished the pressure of communism was eased 'During the civil war their assets were stripped to aid the war. One final battle ensued in the rich hardwood forests of Cambodia in 1998. After, the communist movement was definitively abandoned.' (Slocomb, 2010). Moving into the next century, Cambodians held their own elections to appoint new leaders and each having less violence than the last. 

'Much has changes since Cambodia joined the Paris Peace Agreements in 1991 and a number of peace-building initiatives from the United Nations. Although there have been many times where the have stubbornly challenged reform efforts since 1990.' (Morris, 2016). 

The history and economy of Cambodia is one of the key reasons why the country is riddled with crime like human trafficking. As previously mentioned, during the wars that ravaged the country many soldiers demanded sexual favours which increased the level of prostitution. When the soldiers left there was less of a demand for those certain jobs. Therefore, many women and children had to find other ways to get by. Furthermore, all the conflict in the country led to many other countries taking advantage of Cambodias natural riches that they could have economically benefited from. All of these attributes have led to the country having to put their wealth and economic presence on hold until the last 30 years. ]]> 2023-02-28 11:19:12 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497791779 Conflict: s5408730 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497791989 In the past there has been lots of conflict in Cambodia. these wars have led to a dramatic increase in sex trafficking. 'Prior to 1975, many Cambodian women were used as prostitutes for foreign men who came to Cambodia, due to the wars that were taking place in Southeast Asia' (Samarasinghe, 2008). Furthermore, there is a popular Cambodian saying 'Men are gold: women are cloth' (Samarasinghe, 2008). Essentially, this means that the men have a much higher worth than women in the country. Men are allowed to have multiple sexual partners before marriage, but if a woman loses their virginity before marriage it is seen as a woman losing their worth and little respect that they had before. 

Sex trafficking was most commonly linked with sex workers. So when the UNTAC left after conflict ended, sex work lowered significantly. 'At the end of 1992 it was estimated that there were 20,000 sex workers in Phnom Penh (the capital city of Cambodia) alone. When the UNTAC left in 1994 it only took two years for the sex worker percentage to drop significantly. By 1996 it was estimated that there were 4000-10,000 females working in around 400 brothels.' (Samarasinghe, 2008). This shows that conflict has had a great influence on the amount of sex trafficking that happens in Cambodia. Furthermore, it is estimated that '1/40 children that are born in Cambodia will eventually be sold into sex slavery.' (Samarasinghe, 2008). This is due to the small population of the country and the influx of sex workers brought into the country when the UNTAC where occupying the area.  ]]> 2023-02-28 11:19:24 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497791989 Critical Analysis s5313839_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792137 The complexity of sex trafficking in Cambodia is deep-rooted. This is because of the challenges it faces when it is addressed. There is a lack of support for the victims of sex trafficking as they may not have access to healthcare and safe housing etc. There is little education on trafficking and how traffickers operate, increasing the number of vulnerable, potential victims. Due to the complexity of the crime, it is increasingly hard to trace and prosecute traffickers. This is because trafficking has developed in such a way (online exploitation and increased use of technology) that it has become easier to hide, go unseen and trace the source. As many victims of trafficking can’t report the crime due to fear and not having the resources to do so, many traffickers get away with their crimes, allowing them to traffic other people as well, thus justice is not being served, and the crime itself is still in operation. 
To effectively address sex trafficking in Cambodia, an inclusive approach is needed, including prevention, protection, and prosecution. This includes raising awareness and education around the crime, providing resources and support for victims, addressing the root causes of vulnerability, such as poverty and discrimination, and strengthening the criminal justice system to ensure accountability for the traffickers is taken and prosecution can then take place. 
]]> 2023-02-28 11:19:34 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792137 History of Political Parties: s5408730 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792448 From 1975-1991 Cambodia was changed in many different ways. This was due to the fact that there was a 'Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia. In this time prostitution was fair suppressed until the UNTAC (United National Transitional Authority Cambodia) arrived. The UNTAC included mostly males and troops. Their presence increased the demand of female and child prostitution' (Samarasinghe, 2008). Due to the increase of nearly 20,000 mostly male troops it was clear that the levels of prostitution where going to increase.]]> 2023-02-28 11:19:55 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792448 News Reports s5416943_2 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792466 Micheal Julian Leach, a ‘former ministerial aid at the U.K.’s Department of Trade and Industry’ (Henderson, 2014) was sentenced to 12 years in 2010 for the sex trafficking of 3 Cambodian girls aged between 10 and 15. He was discovered in a guesthouse living with the 3 girls and prostituting them. In 2005, Leach was arrested for impersonating a doctor and sexually abusing children in an orphanage in Phnom Penh but the case fell apart. Leach was allowed to walk free. 

In 2001, British Rockstar Gary Glitter moved to Phnom Penh after being convicted of child pornography in England. The Minister of Women's Affairs, at the time, Mu Sochua, urged that he was a danger to the children of Cambodia and made a pleading case for his deportation. Glitter was deported to Vietnam, where he was later arrested for the sexual abuse of 2 girls aged 10 and 11. He turned up again a year later in Cambodia, where he was a guest of an unidentified guest house. 

Phnom Penh has become notorious as a safe haven for paedophiles over the past decades. Due to its poverty and poor law enforcement, it has become a magnet to those wanting to commit crimes against children. Cambodian authorities are still allowing individuals with previous sexual convictions to enter their country and live freely. In 2003, 180 foreigners were arrested for child sexual abuse in Cambodia, with up to 40 percent of those having previous convictions of a similar nature in their home country or elsewhere. (Bopha, 2012).


]]> 2023-02-28 11:19:56 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792466 Overall Definitions s5406164 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792521 “Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. Every year, millions of men, women, and children are trafficked worldwide” (Campaign, 2022). Including our focus country, Cambodia. The sale of individuals with the aim of slave labor, sex exploitation, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others is known as human trafficking. Obtaining a partner in the case of a forced marriage or the removal of organs or tissues, including those used in surrogacy and ova removal, fall under this category. Human trafficking is related to several issues. These can involve organ harvesting, prostitution, forced marriage, and forced labour.

Modern slavery and smuggling - Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery. This occurs when victims are transported inside or across nations so they can be abused (Crane, 2020). This sometimes occurs as a result of smuggling, which is the illegal importation or exportation of goods. Regardless of a person's colour or gender, this may happen to them (Carrapico, 2021). A person being trafficked might be the result of several factors. They may have been abducted or forced, they may have been fleeing cruelty or poverty, or they may have just been attempting to better their lives and provide for their families. Debt may be a trap that individuals fall into. The tourist sector is particularly susceptible to modern slavery and human trafficking due to a number of variables. Because of the regular visitor turnover, hotels and airports are relatively anonymous places where trafficking victims might pass unnoticed. 

Human trafficking for sex exploitation is referred to as sex trafficking. When victims are coerced into non-consensual sexual actions in a kind of sexual slavery, it has been referred to as a sort of contemporary slaverY (CDC, 2022).
]]> 2023-02-28 11:20:00 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792521 Human Rights: s5408730 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792634 Human rights have dramatically changed Cambodia, just like many other countries in the last 100 years. Due to multiple different countries being involved in the leadership of Cambodia the human rights would have changed each time. At some points these ideas and laws may have contradicted each other. As stated above, many neighbouring countries have taken advantage of Cambodia for it's riches in the past. Some of the weather figures took this as an opportunity for wealth. One example being, 'Benny Widyono was a leading member of the United Nations Transactional Authority in Cambodia. His father was a businessman who exploited the lives of tobacco farmers' (Coffey, 2018). Clearly exploiting people is breaks many human rights laws. 

Although, ,any human rights issues have been improved since Cambodia joined the 1991 Paris Peace Accords and other UN accords. However, there are still plenty of issues in Cambodia involving human rights. One of these issues include forced labour for big name brands. 'Several high end high street fashion brands have been uncovered by Human Rights Watch as it uncovered alleged abuses at Cambodian garment factories' (BBC, 2015). This shows that although Cambodia has generally improved, it's human rights and criminal justice system need to be improved to stop situations like these happening. ]]> 2023-02-28 11:20:07 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792634 The Type of Victims that are Reported s5313839_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792836 Many people can be a victim of sex trafficking and exploitation. Victims can be unwilling and forced into trafficking, however, they can also choose to be trafficked as a desperate attempt to get some money. Cambodia’s main victims are women, children and migrants. Women who live in poverty with little/no education are severely vulnerable to being trafficked and volunteering themselves to be trafficked for a source of income. Poor and desperate families often sell their children for sexual exploitation in order to have some money to live. Children can also be abducted and sold from 3rd parties. UNICEF estimates that approximately 35% of sex workers in Cambodia are children under the age of 18. Migrants who are undocumented are at risk for being sexually exploited and forced into labour as their whereabouts is unknown and therefore can be easily hidden.  
The World Vision report has stated that a survey done on Cambodian sex trafficked victims has shown that only 25% of victims were trafficked by a stranger. Two thirds were trafficked by someone they knew (family member or neighbour). This makes it highly dangerous for vulnerable victims as they can be trafficked by anyone, whether they are related or not. This can also mean that these cases are more likely to go unreported due to fear of their loved-one finding out and going to prison. 
]]> 2023-02-28 11:20:19 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792836 Poverty: s5408730 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792923 As previously mentioned, throughout the last century there has been lots of turmoil due to political views and potential business opportunities for the rich. Furthermore, the amount of wars that have resulted in a change of leadership has resulted in different nations taking advantage of Cambodias riches. Most of this wealth was not reciprocated back into Cambodias economy. Therefore, due to their history Cambodia have not had as much economic wealth because of other nations taking advantage of their economic potential. 

Because of these previous issues Cambodia is ridden with poverty. 'Poverty has been declared as a serious issue in Cambodia. It is clear that it has increasingly declined over the last decade' (Kruy et al, 2010). This shows that although Cambodia overcomed it's lack of independence, it is still negatively effecting their economy. On average, '24.8% of Cambodian households are classed as poor households' (Kruy et al, 2010). This means overall, nearly a quarter of the households in the country have a major issue with poverty. Therefore, the residents of these households may have to find loopholes in the law to feed their families. One large topic of controversy that this may lead to is human trafficking. Either being trafficked to another country for better opportunities of making money or, sex trafficking. Sex trafficking is fairly common in Cambodia and can be made worse by the lack of gender equality. As said before one example of this is the Cambodian saying 'Men are gold: women are cloth' (Samarasinghe, 2008). This saying shows that women are seen as almost expendable compared to men and this can lead to women used in highly illegal sex trafficking schemes to make money.]]> 2023-02-28 11:20:22 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497792923 Case Study into Vietnamese women in Cambodia s5416943_2 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497793502 ‘The Dangers of oversimplification- A case study of Vietnamese Women in Cambodia’ by Joanna Busza, looks into the trafficking of Vietnamese women in Cambodia for Sex. The study took place is Svay Pak Village, Phnom Penh, an area known for sex work within Cambodia. At the start of the study in 2000, there were 24 brothels employing an estimated 320 women, however by March 2002, there were 17 remaining with approximately 279 sex workers. The lower numbers are due to decreasing client numbers. Vietnamese sex workers have been particularly popular in Cambodia because of stereotypes which position them as sexually adventurous and uninhibited. Due to long standing ethnic tensions between the Vietnamese and Khmer, the Vietnamese sex workers are regarded as less worthy of respect than Khmer women. 

Young women followed migration routes from Southern provinces in Vietnam, to specific brothels in Svay Pak where brothel managers would pay their families up to $3000 US dollars. The women would then remain in these brothels for between 6 months and 2 years to work off this debt. They would house an average of 14 clients a week each. 

Through interviews with the Vietnamese Sex workers it was discovered that many of them shared a background of poverty, which encouraged them to go to Svay Pak to help their families economically. However, not all women forwarded their money to their family, for some, they viewed their life in Svay Pak as an opportunity to become financially independent. For some women, their life in Svay park was not a choice. At least 6 participants of the study reported having been tricked into sex work. The women had agreed to migrate to Cambodia with the promise of alternative work such as waitressing or being a maid. However, on arrival realised the money they owed for transportation costs could only realistically be reaped through brothel work. (Busza, 20


]]> 2023-02-28 11:20:37 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497793502 Local s5406164 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497793549 Many of the Vietnamese women and children who migrate to Cambodia to engage in sex trafficking are the victims of debt-based compulsion. According to Nonprofits Organisations, some Vietnamese victims are transported by criminal gangs through Cambodia before they are taken advantage of in Thailand and Malaysia (Maher et al., 2015).]]> 2023-02-28 11:20:39 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497793549 The Number of Perpetrators Convicted s5313839_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497793564 According to the U.S. Department of State's 2021 Trafficking in Persons Report, Cambodia convicted 107 traffickers in 2019, and 138 traffickers in 2020. In 2021 the Department of State found the Government prosecuted 109 suspected traffickers involved in 64 cases under the anti-trafficking law. Four of these cases involved sex trafficking, 37 involved forced labour, and 23 involved various forms of exploitation. The number of prosecutions and convictions are often much lower than the true number of traffickers, as many cases of sex trafficking in Cambodia go unreported and thus, undocumented. As it is such a dangerous crime, it can be hidden and disguised so the perpetrators don’t get caught. Additionally, the corruption and lack of resources within the criminal justice system means there is a hindrance in the prosecution of these traffickers. ]]> 2023-02-28 11:20:40 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497793564 Charities s5416943_2 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497793822 Chab Dai
‘Chab Dai’ means joining hands in Khmer, the Cambodian language, therefore this charity aims to join together Cambodia with the rest of the world to help restore and protect at every level. Through the work of this charity, in 2020, 123 survivors of human trafficking were repatriated back to Cambodia and 17 brokers of human trafficking were arrested. This organisation also aims to educate communities on trafficking to ensure fewer numbers of people are targeted. In 2020, 793 individuals attended meetings and training with Chab Dai. The charity also provides counselling for survivors of human trafficking to ensure that throughout their reintroduction into their community they are supported. (Chab Dai, 2020) 


Ally Global Foundation
This organisation helps with the prevention and aftercare of children who experience trafficking. They provide a safe place to find healing and long term aftercare for children who have been rescued from abuse or trafficking. Through the organisation, the children will receive counselling, care, education and vocational training to find independence. ( Ally Organisation, 2019).


]]> 2023-02-28 11:20:57 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497793822 Problems with definitions s5406164 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497794020 Each country has its own definition of sex trafficking, which makes it difficult to eradicate the crime. To put it another way, what is permitted in one country could not be in another. Human trafficking is a felony that entails forcing or coercing a person to perform sexual activities for monetary gain or to provide labour or services. Coercion can be psychological or physical, covert or overt. 
Owing to the complexity of the crime, traffickers frequently operate under the radar, and people who are trafficked are unlikely to recognise themselves as victims and frequently take responsibility for their circumstances. Because victims seldom reveal their circumstances, it is harder to pinpoint the crime in this context.]]> 2023-02-28 11:21:05 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497794020 Introduction: s5408730 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497921868 Human Trafficking is a major worldwide issue that is extremely complex. 'Human trafficking is the the term used in this day and age for modern day slavery. Like African slaves in the past centuries, people are being trafficked around the world. These people are sometimes held captive and forced to work.' (Hart, 2009). In the modern day there is many different types of human trafficking, some of these include sex trafficking, child trafficking, forced labour, organ trafficking and domestic servitude. Sex trafficking is the most common type of trafficking in Cambodia due to it's history in conflict and it's views on specific genders.]]> 2023-02-28 13:13:40 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2497921868 Statistics References: s5313839_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2503441486 -ASEAN Post Team, 2019. Cambodia’s paedophiles and the internet (online). The ASEAN Post. Available from: https://theaseanpost.com/article/cambodias-paedophiles-and-internet (Accessed Date: 16 Mar 2023)

-International Labour Organization, 2018. Comments (online). www.ilo.org. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:13100:0::NO:13100:P13100_COMMENT_ID (Accessed Date: 10 Mar 2023) 

-Joren, G., 2014. Somaly Mam: The Holy Saint (and Sinner) of Sex Trafficking (online). Newsweek Magazine. Available from: https://www.newsweek.com/2014/05/30/somaly-mam-holy-saint-and-sinner-sex-trafficking-251642.html (Accessed Date: 10 Mar 2023) 

-Real Stories, 2018. Cambodian Girls (Trafficking Documentary) - Real Stories. YouTube (online). Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k57s5Dq_yK4 (Accessed Date: 4 Mar 2023) 

-UNICEF, 2022. Victims of trafficking find hope through education (online). www.unicef.org. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/cambodia/stories/victims-trafficking-find-hope-through-education (Accessed Date: 10 Mar 2023) 

-US Department of State, 2022. Cambodia - United States Department of State (online). United States Department of State. Available from: https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/cambodia/#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20the%20government%20prosecuted (Accessed Date: 10 Mar 2023) 

-World Vision, n.d. Trafficking Report: Cambodia (online). World Vision. Available from: https://www.worldvision.com.au/docs/default-source/publications/human-rights-and-trafficking/trafficking-report-cambodia.pdf (Accessed Date: 10 Mar 2023) 
]]> 2023-03-04 12:38:02 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2503441486 Countries Background References: s5408730 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2505601826 BBC News, 2015. Clothes retailers accused of labour abuses in Cambodia. BBC News [online], 12 March 2015. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-31842046. (Accessed: March 16, 2023)

Coffey., S. (2018) Seeking justice in cambodia : human rights defenders speak out. Melbourne: MUP e-store. Available from: https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzIyMzIyMDZfX0FO0?sid=e06389e1-6fdf-4450-92fa-c1f389ac5415@redis&vid=0&format=EK&rid=1 (Accessed: March 16, 2023)

Hart, J., 2009. Human Trafficking [online]. Google Books. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fPdMyZIvboIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=most+common+places+for+human+trafficking&ots=fJteKN1N6E&sig=KU-4mY4Klms_7ZscIt2W35TrXCU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=most%20common%20places%20for%20human%20trafficking&f=false [Accessed 6 Mar 2023].

Kruy, N., Kim, D. and Kakinaka, M., 2010. Poverty and Vulnerability: An Examination of Chronic and Transient Poverty in Cambodia. International Area Review, 13 (4), 3–23. Available from: https://journals-sagepub-com.bournemouth.idm.oclc.org/doi/epdf/10.1177/223386591001300401 .(Accessed: March 17, 2023)

Morris, C., 2016. Justice inverted: Law and human rights in Cambodia. In The handbook of contemporary Cambodia. Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315736709-14/civil-society-cambodia-challenges-contestations-louise-coventry?context=ubx (pp. 49-61) (Accessed: March 16, 2023).

Samarasinghe, V., 2008. Female Sex Trafficking in Asia : The Resilience of Patriarchy in a Changing World. New York: Routledge (Routledge International Studies of Women and Place). Available from: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=495984&site=ehost-live (Accessed: 7 March 2023).

Slocomb., M. 2010. An economic history of cambodia in the twentieth century. Singapore: NUS Press. Available from: https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/43/oa_monograph/chapter/2310051/pdf (Accessed: March 15, 2023).

]]> 2023-03-06 18:14:57 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2505601826 s5408730 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2505604492 2023-03-06 18:16:45 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2505604492 Outshoorn: Migration theory s5403864 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2506771681 Outshoorn believed human trafficking mainly occurred for economic reasons such as economic development within a country such as Cambodia in terms of employment. however in Cambodia there is also a need for sex service which can fall victim to woman and children within the country and outside.  
this theory demonstrates the concepts on the pushing factors on why individuals are being migrated into countries across the globe such as Cambodia. However, this is done illegally and can put these individuals in danger when travelling to these countries and when they arrive. Due to Cambodia’s economic state, many individuals who have been trafficked are not looked after properly and their living conditions can put their well-being in jeopardy. 
following this, migrating into another country illegally can be very costly, in order for an individual to fund the cost of moving countries illegally the only way in which they can achieve this is by selling almost everything they may own as well as all their money. This is highly dangerous and troubling as that individual is then left with nothing which means is 'unlikely they can turn back afterwards'. (Mandic, 2017)

]]> 2023-03-07 11:57:06 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2506771681 Hernandez & Rudolf: s5403864 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2506773718 When conducting their research (Hernandez & Rudolf) it was found that the largest percentage of victims that are illegally trafficked were/ are from Eastern European countries or south Asian countries like Cambodia. Individuals are trafficked or migrated into specific countries due to the high desperate demand for better financial income. 
Speaking on this, different countries are in demand for different aspects from trafficked individuals, for example, illegal organisations in France pray on individuals for sex services mainly while countries like Cambodia use trafficked victims for financial gain which can consist off forced labour. 
relating to this, there has been an increase in modern slavery victims across the globe with 36% increase in a year. In the UK alone there was a reported '6,993 potential victims referred into the government system' (BBC, 2019). 
 ]]> 2023-03-07 11:58:47 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2506773718 How the country responds references: s5408960_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2506824945 Dyer, C., 2022. Cambodia - United States Department of State [online]. United States Department of State. Available from: https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/cambodia/#:~:text=Vietnamese%20women%20and%20children%2C%20many. (Accessed 09 Mar 2023)

Yan, L. K., Nathan Paul Southern and Huang, 2022. Cambodia’s modern slavery nightmare: the human trafficking crisis overlooked by authorities [online]. the Guardian. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/03/cambodias-modern-slavery-nightmare-the-human-trafficking-crisis-overlooked-by-authorities. (Accessed 09 Mar 2023)

Saiesha, 2022. Addressing Human Trafficking in Cambodia [online]. The Borgen Project. Available from: https://borgenproject.org/addressing-human-trafficking-in-cambodia/. (Accessed 10 Mar 2023)

ACTs, C., 2023. Cambodia Against Child Trafficking (Cambodia ACTs) - End Slavery Now [online]. endslaverynow.org. Available from: https://www.endslaverynow.org/cambodia-against-child-trafficking-cambodia-acts (Accessed 11 Mar 2023)

Guest, 2016. Preventing Family Migration and Child Trafficking in Cambodia [online]. Holt International. Available from: https://www.holtinternational.org/preventing-family-migration-child-trafficking-cambodia/ (Accessed 11 Mar 2023)

Rescue, D., n.d. Rescuing children from sex trafficking in Cambodia [online]. Destiny Rescue. Available from: https://www.destinyrescue.org/our-work/where-we-work/cambodia/. (Accessed 11 Mar 2023)

Centre, T., 2020. How It Happens – The Canadian Centre To End Human Trafficking [online]. The Centre. Available from: https://www.canadiancentretoendhumantrafficking.ca/how-it-happens/#:~:text=Many%20traffickers%20prey%20on%20victims (Accessed 12 Mar 2023)

Administration for children & families, 2021. Federal Government Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking [online]. www.acf.hhs.gov. Available from: https://www.acf.hhs.gov/archive/otip/fact-sheet/federal-government-efforts-combat-human-trafficking#:~:text=USAID%20funds%20international%20programs%20that. (Accessed 12 Mar 2023)

Delauney, G., 2007. Trafficking crackdown in Cambodia. news.bbc.co.uk [online], 6 April 2007. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6532181.stm (Accessed 14 Mar 2023)

Dara, M., 2019. Victims saved from human, sex trafficking rises 148% [online]. www.phnompenhpost.com. Available from: https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/victims-saved-human-sex-trafficking-rises-148 (Accessed 14 Mar 2023).]]> 2023-03-07 12:42:32 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2506824945 National Legislation and Regulations s5313839_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517594823 Cambodia has many legislations and regulations in place to address trafficking of any sort. These include the following: 
  1. Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation: This law was first addressed in 2008 and amended in 2018. It criminalises all forms of trafficking, including sex trafficking, and imposes penalties of up to life imprisonment and fines. It also provides protection and support of victims, including access to healthcare, legal representation, and safe housing. 
  2. Criminal Code: The Criminal Code of Cambodia criminalises a range of offenses related to sexual exploitation, including prostitution, procurement, and indecent acts. 
  3. Labour Law: The Labour Law of Cambodia includes provisions that protect workers from exploitation, including forced labour and trafficking. 
  4. Sub-decree on Minimum Standards for the Protection of Victims of Human Trafficking: This sub-decree sets out guidelines for the protection of victims, including access to healthcare, education, and vocational training. 
  5. Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Law: This law was enacted in 2014 and provides a framework for addressing trafficking and smuggling in Cambodia. 
]]> 2023-03-15 11:26:45 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517594823 International Legislation's and Regulations s5313839_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517625308 Cambodia has agreed to several international conventions and protocols related to human trafficking, including the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime and its protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children. 
Another international legislation that protects human trafficking is The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration was adopted in 1948 and recognises that all human beings have fundamental human rights that must be protected, including the right to be free from slavery, servitude, and forced labour. 
]]> 2023-03-15 11:52:04 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517625308 s5403864 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517851153 2023-03-15 14:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517851153 Trafficking problems in Cambodia: s5403864 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517928462 Further problems with trafficking and migration within Cambodia have since surfaced in many Trafficking prevention organisations such as the 'United States Department of State. 
more over, Cambodia has around 131,000 individuals experiencing modern day slavery, being forced into forced labour and sex services within the country. As well as sex trafficking and forced labour, Cambodia also has a major issue with marriage asylum and organ trafficking. theories like Outshoorn and Hernandez & Rudolf helps organisations, criminologists and police understand the importance on spotting signs off trafficking within different countries. For example in Cambodia sex trafficking mainly takes place in person in hotels or brothels, meaning police and organisations can easily find and help victims within Cambodia. However, due cambodia's economic state, many individuals are lured into the country with 'unsuspecting jobs...with false promises of well paid work into slave compounds' (The Diplomat, 2023). Cambodian authorities have received a high increase with human trafficking cases within the last year alone, with '707 human trafficking complaints over the last year' (The Diplomat, 2023). ]]> 2023-03-15 15:07:36 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517928462 references: theories explaining the problems s5403864 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517948405  
Cambodia - United States Department of State
*Mandic, D. (2017) Trafficking and Syrian refugee smuggling: Evidence from the Balkan Route. social inclusion, Volume 5, issue 2. 
*DiRienzo, E, Cassandra. Das, Jayoti. (2017) Human trafficking and country borders. Georgia State University: international criminal justice review. 
Focus on Human Trafficking Shifts From Cambodia to Myanmar – The Diplomat]]> 2023-03-15 15:20:12 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2517948405 Issues with Legislation's s5313839_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2519311681 While legislation on human trafficking is an important step in the action against this crime, there are several challenges associated with its implementation and effectiveness. For example, inadequate enforcement. Law enforcement agencies lack the resources and training to effectively enforce anti-trafficking laws. This can lead to low prosecution rates and a lack of deterrence for traffickers themselves. Another reason is due to limited victim protection. While many laws provide for the protection of trafficking victims, the implementation of these protections can be weak or non-existent. There are also issues when it comes to defining trafficking. Different countries may use different definitions of trafficking, which can lead to confusion and difficulties in implementing and enforcing laws. Finally, the main focus of these trafficking laws is on prosecution rather than addressing the root causes of trafficking and preventing it from occurring in the first place. ]]> 2023-03-16 12:27:55 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2519311681 Legislation References: s5313839_1 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2519377306 -International Humanitarian Law Database, 2008. Law on suppression of human trafficking and sexual exploitation (online). Icrc.org. Available from: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/national-practice/law-suppression-human-trafficking-and-sexual-exploitation-2008#:~:text=On%2015%20February%202008%20Cambodia (Accessed Date: 16 Mar 2023)

-US Department of State, 2022. Cambodia (online). United States Department of State. Available from: https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/cambodia/ (Accessed Date: 16 Mar 2023)]]> 2023-03-16 13:12:15 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2519377306 Definition References s5406164 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2519748199 Campaign, B. (2022) What is human trafficking?, What Is Human Trafficking? | Homeland Security. Available at: https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/what-human-trafficking (Accessed: March 15, 2023). 

Carrapico, H. (2021) Becoming a Smuggler: Migration and Violence at EU External Borders, Home Page. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1961223 (Accessed: March 15, 2023). 

CDC (2022) Sex trafficking|sexual violence|violence prevention|injury Center|CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/trafficking.html (Accessed: March 16, 2023). 

Crane, A. (2020) Modern slavery in business: The sad and sorry state of a non-field, Modern Slavery in Business: The Sad and Sorry State of a Non-Field. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0007650320930417 (Accessed: March 15, 2023).

Maher, L. et al. (2015) Conflicting rights: How the prohibition of human trafficking and sexual exploitation infringes the right to health of female sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Health and human rights. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6915836/ (Accessed: March 9, 2023). 
]]> 2023-03-16 17:12:28 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2519748199 Case Study References s5416943_2 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2520096231
Bopha, P., 2012. Convicted Child Abusers Live Among Their Victims - The Cambodia Daily [online]. english.cambodiadaily.com. Available from: https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/convicted-child-abusers-live-among-their-victims-1586/ [Accessed 14 Mar 2023].
Busza, J., 2004. Sex Work and Migration: The Dangers of Oversimplification: A Case Study of Vietnamese Women in Cambodia. Health and Human Rights, 7 (2), 231.
Mirror.co.uk, 2011. Brit jailed for sexually abusing three girls in Cambodia [online]. mirror. Available from: https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/brit-jailed-for-sexually-abusing-three-186356 [Accessed 14 Mar 2023].
Staff, B., 2003. Gary Glitter Deported From Cambodia [online]. Billboard. Available from: https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/gary-glitter-deported-from-cambodia-72769/ [Accessed 14 Mar 2023].
Ally, 2023. Human Trafficking Prevention in Cambodia [online]. ally.org. Available from: https://ally.org/cambodia [Accessed 16 Mar 2023].
Chab Dai, 2023. Resources [online]. Chab Dai. Available from: https://www.chabdai.org/media [Accessed 16 Mar 2023].
]]> 2023-03-16 23:51:34 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2520096231 s5416943_2 https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2520743622 To conclude, although Cambodia currently has legislation in place in order to try and prevent trafficking within their country, more needs to be done to try and eradicate this issue in the future. Law enforcement agencies need to be provided with the appropriate resources and training to enforce the laws, and increase conviction rates. As seen in the Leach case, the enforcement agencies need to stop individuals with previous convictions of sex crimes or crimes against children from entering the country, as these people are likely to engage in trafficking. By increasing the enforcement on trafficking in Cambodia, it should begin to decrease the rate of trafficking. Alongside law enforcement, charity agencies are key to preventing future trafficking incidents. Charities can provide education for the youths of Cambodia on how to avoid trafficking and what to do if they find themselves in that situation. By educating children on the warning signs, then this should begin to raise awareness and reduce the number of victims. Charities can also provide support to those who are previous victims of trafficking, through counselling and being returned to their family/a safe place, this should stop victims from being trafficked again. With this combination of increased law enforcement and charity involvement within communities, in the future this should help to prevent future trafficking experiences within Cambodia. 


]]> 2023-03-17 11:03:59 UTC https://padlet.com/s5313839_1/tjlsbue3kubmrfwj/wish/2520743622