https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d Group 1: Theories of Aging (Chapter 17 pg. 346) and Cognitive Development (Chapter 17 pg. 352-356) Group 2: Health Concerns and Aging (Chapter 17 pg. 347-352) Group 3: Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and Offshots (Chapter 18 pg. 361-364) Group 4: Social Contexts of Aging (Chapter 18 pg. 367-372) Group 5: Life-Span Perspectives on Death (Chapter 19 pg. 389-392) en-us 2018-05-01 23:39:31 UTC 2018-05-02 14:44:53 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Basketball.png carson_elliott https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257260673 There are two categories of theories of aging. They are programmed theories of aging and cellular damage theories of aging. 

Programmed theories of aging is the view that genetic factors and hormone changes govern the process of aging. Death is inevitable, as our cells are preprogrammed to divide so many times. Immunological theory states that our immune systems will eventually begin to decline. 

Cellular damage theories of aging propose that internal body changes and external environmental factors cause cells and organs to malfunction. The wear-and-tear theory suggests that over the years our bodies become less capable of repairing themselves. The Free-Radical theory suggests death is due the inability to break down unstable molecules because of lack of antioxidants. The Cross-Linking theory states that the stiffening of body proteins eventually breaks down bodily processes. 

In regard to cognitive development, older adults begin to have a decline in memory. They may have difficulty discriminating actual events from their imagination. Their explicit memory (specific information and general knowledge) declines, but implicit memory (automatic memories based on repetition) remain stable. Aging has a detrimental effect on associative memory (associating two things together). Long-term memory has no known limits but is subject to distortion and bias. Retrospective memory helps us retrieve information from the past, which remains stable. Prospective memory helps us remember things we planned to do in the future, and this declines. Language development will decline, and they will begin to use abstract, slower problem solving skills. Despite declines, as you get older you gain  more wisdom through your experiences. 

]]> 2018-05-02 14:20:27 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257260673 bwheat9019 https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257261953 Erik Erikson's eighth and final stage of his psychosocial theory is the stage labeled as ego integrity versus despair. This life crisis is defined by maintenance of the belief that life is meaningful and worthwhile despite physical decline and the inevitability of death versus depression and hopelessness. Ego integrity stems from wisdom and the acceptance of one's life span being limited. Erikson also argues that adjustment in later years requires wisdom to let go. 

Robert Peck's (1968) Developmental Tasks built upon Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair by summarizing milestones that people face in late adulthood. The first milestone is ego differentiation versus work role preoccupation. Within this developmental task, people need to find new ways of forming their self-worth after retirement. The second developmental task is body transcendence versus body preoccupation. Eventually people will face a decline in physical health and it is in their best interest to come to terms with it. The third milestone is ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation. This allows people to prepare for the future. 

Disengagement theory is when older people in society mutually withdraw from one another as they approach death. This theory is likely not accurate because well-being among older adults generally increases when they pursue goals rather than when they withdraw from society. Activity theory is the opposite of disengagement theory. It states that older adults are better adjusted when they are more active and involved in physical and social activities. 

Socioemotional selectivity theory was hypothesized by Laura Carstensen. She addresses the development of older adults' social networks. She suggested that increasing emphasis is placed on emotional experience as we age. As a result, we are more focused on emotionally fulfilling experiences.


]]> 2018-05-02 14:22:29 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257261953 https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257262810  Children- Do not see the permanent nature of death. They begin by thinking of death as reversible and, by about the time they enter school, they see it as irreversible. Loss is most difficult for this age group, because they do not understand it. Around ages 4-7, they learn about the biology of the human body which helps them understand about human mortality. We should not force a child to attend a funeral if they are not ready or are scared.
Adolescents- As compared with young children, adolescents also become increasingly exposed to death among older family members such as grandparents, and even among fellow adolescents, some of whom have died of illness but others from accidents, suicide, or foul play. They know that when life ends, it cannot be restored but they still construct magical or spiritual theories of how some form of life may exist. Adolescents speak of death in terms of darkness, light, transition, and nothingness. Adolescents are more likely than young children to attend funerals, including funerals with open caskets.
Adults - Young adults try not to think about death at all. The leading causes of death for young adulthood are accidents, suicide, and homicide. Middle adulthood leading causes of death are heart disease and cancer. In late adulthood, the leading causes are also heart disease and cancer but also dementia. In late adulthood, people begin to face death with an inner calmness. ]]> 2018-05-02 14:24:03 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257262810 https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257262984 Older Americans report wanting to stay in their home as long as possible. Those with plentiful financial resources can actually do that. When they do reloacate to a facility, social relationships diminish as they struggle to make new friends. Sometimes, elder abuse occurs from staff. Religious activities provide the most social networking opportunities. Religious involvement leads to less depression and overall satisfaction. African Americans who attend more than one service a week often live 13.7 years longer than those who don't. 20-25% of marriages last half a century or more and end only when one spouse dies. Older couples are more affectionate when discussing conflict and overall have less arguments. However, older couples may complain that they spend too much time together especially after retirement. Divorce normally happens due to affairs. 90% of older people who cohabit  have been married and are less likely than younger people to wish to remarry. Men in their 70s have the hardest time coping with widowhood. Men are also more likely to remarry - but women tend to outlive men. 
Single adults without children are in the minority but have equally positive levels of well-being. Older siblings show each other support and become much closer especially in a widow situation. 
By late adulthood, friendships are well established and people don't spend time with many people outside of this group. These friendships are very important when another friend or family member die.  At this point in life, grandchildren are typically adults. ]]> 2018-05-02 14:24:20 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257262984 mary_greene69 https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257263228 Aging is broken into two types: normal aging and pathological aging. Normal aging is the gradual decline of a person that allows them to enjoy their health and vitality. Pathological aging is chronic diseases and degenerative processes that leads to a disability or premature death. Pathological aging consists of heart disease, cancer and strokes, arthritis, substance abuse, accidents, and dementia and Alzheimer's. Heart disease is the nations leading cause of death for men and women over eighty. Cancer is the leading cause of death of women 40-79 and men 60-79, this is caused because if the weakening immune system that cant destroy the precancerous cells and not having routine scans. Arthritis encompasses rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It is characterized by inflammation of the joint, stiffness and loss of function. Osteoarthritis typically affects those that are obese because of the increased pressure on joints. Substance abuse is seen as misuse of medication which is often unintentional. 40 percent of prescription drugs are used by age 60 and older and typically take more than two medications a day. People in late adulthood are at greater risk for falls, motor vehicle accidents, residential fires and nonfatal poisonings. Falls are the most hazardous. Dementia is characterized as a decrease in cognitive function. Alzheimer's is a more severe form of dementia characterized by memory lapse, confusion, emotional instability and progressive loss of cognitive function. ]]> 2018-05-02 14:24:47 UTC https://padlet.com/melissa_tabor3/tid0nlyt9u0d/wish/257263228