engagement with caregivers and peers

never fully acqulre It.

Kadir Aksoy

By five children are fluent in their first Language

There is a certain order of forming negatives and children learn grammatical morphemes gradually. So we need to considered that while explaining topics to children

Examples: foots instead of feet

This error indicate linguistic progress, not confusion, because the child has learned the rule but has not yet mastered exceptions.

Learning- conscious ( form focused

Code Mixing-Mixing words or phrases from another language within the same sentence.

Learning-concious

Most adults cannot attain native like pronunciation.

Affective factor.

there are two regions that are critical for language; broca's and wernicke's area

Conceptualization- the speeker forms an idea

Formulation- structured inti grammatical form

Articulation- motor cortex generates speech movements

Bahar karacan

We are the only animals perceive the language

Left hemisphere is responsible for language speaking

Examples:

Left hemisphere → language, logic, and analytical tasks.

Right hemisphere → creativity, spatial skills, and emotions.

Jargon is specialized vocabulary which is used in a specific field for instance:Scaffolding is a jargon in elt field

• Overt prestige: socially approved, standard.

• Covert prestige: group identity, non-standard but valued within the group.

Slang-informal, often short-lived vocabulary used in casual speech.

Covert-hidden, secret.

Covert Prestige:non-standart language,group identity,hidden

Stilted- overly formal and archaic

Jargon- Specialized vocabulary

Slang- informal vocabulary usedbin Casual speech

Slang: Informal lexicon used by specific social groups. It functions as a dynamic marker of "in-group" belonging, utilizing to distinguish a group's unique experiences from the broader cultural mainstream.

official languages can empower authority

egemen albal

Language and Culture

Communicative Competence (1972)

Proposed by Dell Hymes, communicative competence extends beyond grammatical accuracy to include socially and culturally appropriate Language use.

For example;

die Brücke / el puente

der Schlüssel / la llave

different gender,same meaning.

Language Contact

Pidgin language is a simplified language which was created among countries for trade

Creole languages develop when children acquire a pidgin as their first language.

Language Contact

A creole develops when a pidgin becomes a fully functional language spoken by a community as a native language.

Languages in conversation.

language Definition: A simplified language that develops when speakers of different languages need to communicate but don’t have a common language

.

Code switching alternating between two languages in conversation.

Code-switching- the practice of alternating between two or more languages in conversation.

Sound change is not random

A word's meaning becomes more general

productivity is the ability to create infinite new sentences

Animal Communication has fixed numbers of signals therefore it is closed system whereas human communication has infinite numbers of signals therefore it is open system

When humans talk to animals, they respond to sounds not meaning.

This is stimulus–response, not real language understanding

1. Arbitrariness

There is no natural connection between a word and its meaning.

Example: the word “dog” doesn’t look or sound like a real Dog

2. Displacement

We can talk about things that are not here or not happening now.

Example: talking about the past, future, or imagination

3. Productivity (Creativity)

We can create new sentences infinitely.

You can say something no one has ever said before and still be understood

4. Duality of Patterning

Language works on two levels:

Sounds (like “b”, “a”, “t”)

Combine to make meaning (“bat”)

5. Cultural Transmission

Language is learned from others, not just instinct.

A child learns language from family and society

6. Discreteness

Language is made of separate units (sounds/words).

Example: bat vs pat → small change = different meaning

7. Specialization

Language is used mainly for communication, not for another physical purpose.

8. Semanticity

Words/signals have specific meanings.

Human use language

connection between a symbol and its meaning.

Animal communication

Displacement-Ability to discuss things not present

Noam Chomsky – “Green Sentence”

“Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.”

Chomsky’s sentence shows that a sentence can be grammatically correct but semantically meaningless.

Each grapheme represents an individual sound, typically a phoneme

Abjads:

Alphabets that mainly represent consonants, with vowels often omitted

Pictograms are simplified images that consistently represent specific object