Moreover, the implementation of public health measures aimed at controlling the spread of the diseases, such as lockdowns and social distancing, had unintended consequences on mental health. These measures disrupted daily routines, limited social interactions, and contributed to feelings of isolation and loneliness, further amplifying the psychological toll of the crises. Addressing the psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks alongside their medical and public health implications is crucial for effective crisis management. Efforts to provide mental health support, combat stigma, and promote community resilience are essential components of comprehensive strategies aimed at mitigating the psychological effects of such crises.

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The serious impact of both cholera and COVID outbreaks on communities in the Philippines shows how closely linked public health is to economic stability. The disruption of trade, business, and jobs doesn't just affect people's lives right away. It also shows how susceptible societies are to pandemics and how crucial it is to have strong health systems and plans to bounce back economically.

Comparing quarantine enforcement during the cholera epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic highlights changes in public health approaches. Both events recognized the need for isolation and travel limits. However, past authoritarian actions during the cholera outbreak stress the importance of balancing containment with individual rights and community cooperation in today's health strategies.

During the cholera outbreak in the Philippines, especially under American colonial rule, various factors such as limited medical knowledge, societal structures, and colonial governance dynamics influenced the situation. While it may not be accurate to suggest that the American garrison commander intentionally caused the cholera outbreak, some decisions by colonial authorities could have exacerbated it. During that time, public health issues like cholera outbreaks were managed by military and colonial administrators rather than healthcare workers due to hierarchical colonial governance structures, where military officials held significant power over civil matters (Raynor & Cliff, n.d).

The American colonial administration prioritized military and strategic interests, sometimes at the expense of public health concerns. Military commanders and colonial authorities often prioritized political and military factors over public health needs when making decisions.

Comparing COVID-19 response to cholera management in the Philippines during the American colonial era shows shifts in public health governance. COVID-19 focused on collaboration and scientific progress, while historical contexts highlight colonial hierarchies' impact, potentially worsening crises. Understanding context and collective efforts are crucial in effectively addressing health challenges.