Linguistic Diversity in United States by Marcelinho Moraes de Almeida

Different ethnic groups

jvfernandes405 — 2021-04-13 03:36:19 UTC

As we see in the graphic, the main ethnic group of USA is the white ones, followed by black or african americans and asians. In history, it's always present some kind of discrimmination against this people, like the mass shooting that left eight people dead a few weeks ago in the Atlanta area, including six female Asian spa workers, represents an inflection point in America’s long, troubled and continuous history of anti-Asian racism.
Though Black and Asian people share histories of struggle and activism against racism, Black-Asian relations are characterized by mistrust, mutual recriminations and, at times, even violence.
As we know, the racial question in US, build a racial caste that operates as a hierarchy with fixed points: Blacks on the bottom and Whites on top — and “others” jockeying in between.
(A convergence of racial reckoning for Black and Asian Americans - The Washington Post)

European ancestry in the US by county

marcelinhomoraesdealmeida3 — 2021-04-13 15:22:14 UTC

The main ancestry of US is the european people, since the colonization. This map presents with details, the european ancestry of which area
(https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_B04006&prodType=table)

Linguistic Map of USA

marcelinhomoraesdealmeida3 — 2021-04-13 15:22:56 UTC

In the link we can see all of the linguistic variety of USA

Most Common Languages in U.S.

marcelinhomoraesdealmeida3 — 2021-04-13 21:56:29 UTC

English – 239 million
Spanish – 41 million
Chinese (including Mandarin, Cantonese and Hokkien) – 3.5 million
Tagalog (including Filipino) – 1.7 million
Vietnamese – 1.5 million
Arabic – 1.2 million
French – 1.2 million
Korean – 1.1 million
Russian – 0.94 million
German – 0.92 million
Haitian Creole – 0.87 million
Hindi – 0.86 million
Portuguese – 0.79 million
Italian – 0.58 million
Polish – 0.52 million
Yiddish – 0.51 million
Japanese – 0.46 million
Persian (including Farsi, Dari and Tajik) – 0.42 million
Gujarati – 0.41 million
Telugu – 0.37 million
Bengali – 0.32 million
Tai–Kadai (including Thai and Lao) – 0.31 million
Urdu – 0.3 million
Greek – 0.27 million
Punjabi – 0.29 million
Tamil – 0.27 million
Armenian – 0.24 million
Serbo-Croatian (including Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian) – 0.24 million
Hebrew – 0.23 million
Hmong – 0.22 million
Bantu languages (including Swahili) – 0.22 million
Khmer – 0.20 million
Navajo – 0.16 million
other Indo-European languages – 578,492
other Afro-Asiatic languages – 521,932
other Niger–Congo languages – 515,629
other West Germanic languages – 487,675
other Austronesian languages – 467,718
other Indic languages – 409,631
other languages of Asia – 384,154
other Slavic languages – 338,644
other Dravidian languages – 241,678
other languages of North America – 195,550
other and unspecified languages – 258,257

Dialect Map of American English

marcelinhomoraesdealmeida3 — 2021-04-13 22:41:33 UTC

There are at least 24 dialects of American English spoken in the United States, according to linguist Robert Delaney, who developed a map of the United States by regional dialect.
http://robertspage.com/dialects.html

Fun facts about language in U.S.

marcelinhomoraesdealmeida3 — 2021-04-13 22:46:23 UTC

1. Over half the states in the U.S. have made English an official language.

Although there are no laws stating that English is the official language at the federal level, 31 states have their own laws proclaiming it as the official language on the state level, which usually just means it has to be used for government communications.

2. Three states have other official languages in addition to English.

Hawaii recognized Hawaiian Pidgin English as an official language in 2015. Since then, South Dakota made Sioux an official language, and Alaska added more than 20 indigenous languages.

3. Speaking a foreign language in public was once illegal in parts of the U.S.

During and after World War I, when anti-German sentiment was high in the United States, parts of the Midwest made it a crime to speak German and other foreign languages in public. And there were several other periods when speaking a foreign language in the United States was considered dangerous.

The U.S. has no official language

marcelinhomoraesdealmeida3 — 2021-04-13 22:51:47 UTC

It's fact that english is the predominant language of the country, but in US, all states have the own autonomy to define wich languages will be the official ones. The country have a strong police of federalization and a liberty culture as well, allowing the states to decide things inside they own territory.

Languages in the U.S. Education System

marcelinhomoraesdealmeida3 — 2021-04-13 23:01:07 UTC

In most school systems, foreign language is taken in high school, with many schools requiring one to three years of foreign language in order to graduate. In some school systems, foreign language is also taught during middle school, and more recently, many elementary schools have been teaching foreign languages as well.

In 2008 the Center for Applied Linguistics conducted an extensive survey documenting foreign language study in the United States. According to this research:

- The most popular language is Spanish, due to the large number of recent Spanish-speaking immigrants to the United States.

- 88% of language programs in elementary schools taught Spanish, compared to 93% in secondary schools.

- Other languages taught in U.S. high schools , in descending order of frequency, were French, German, Latin, Mandarin Chinese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Japanese.

As of 2011, Tagalog was the fourth most spoken language in the United States. Beginning in 1975, Tagalog began to be taught in San Diego County, with the first school where it was taught being Montgomery High School. At the collegiate level, the language is taught in California, Hawaii, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.

Xenophobia

jvfernandes405 — 2021-04-14 00:56:25 UTC

According to the journal "The Conversation", in april 8 of 2020, it were 100 reported cases per day of Asian racist actions, a high number when compared to the total population of US, 333 million. To fight this problem, the journal brings that the candidate of president, Andrew Yang, implored Asian Americans to "wear red, white, and blue” in their efforts to combat the virus. That shows how worrisome it's the situation in the country, as situations happening like the ex president Donald Trump declared COVID-19 as the “Chinese virus", that bring the situation worse to that people.

Adrian De Leon, the author of the text "The long history of US racism against Asian Americans, from ‘yellow peril’ to ‘model minority’ to the ‘Chinese virus’ " at The Conversation, write about the history of the discrimination against Asian people in North America. Like, in the late 19th century, white nativists spread xenophobic propaganda about Chinese uncleanliness in San Francisco. This fueled the passage of the infamous Chinese Exclusion Act, the first law in the United States that barred immigration solely based on race. Recently in the history, it's possible find others cases, like in 1942 when the President Roosevelt signed na Executive Order (9066) to incarcerate people under suspicion as enemies to inland internment camps, a horrible 'common' action by governments during the WW2. Second the author "While the order also affected German- and Italian-Americans on the East Coast, the vast majority of those incarcerated in 1942 were of Japanese descent. Many of them were naturalized citizens, secondand third-generation Americans. Internees who fought in the celebrated 442nd Regiment were coerced by the United States military to prove their loyalty to a country that locked them up simply for being Japanese. "

Ref: DE LEON. The Conversation. "The Long History of US racism against Asian Americans from 'yellow peril' to 'model minority' to the 'Chinese virus'. April 8, 2020. Disponible in

Peters and Mika

jvfernandes405 — 2021-04-14 00:59:11 UTC

In the text written by Peters & Mika, show us the homogenization of cultural differences within countries caused by language. Factors such as culture, mores, languages and political structures are points that form nations and make individuals identify with each other. In addition, the language can unite and it can also homogenize different peoples. The English language, for example, unites all the people of the United States, black or white, short or tall, Asian or Latin. However, the same factor that unites, also separates, since they have extremely different cultures, with their own customs that, placed within the country in question, can be suppressed. In the United States we can see an example of an issue that exist, the xenophobia against, mainly, Asians and Latin Americans. One of the examples brought by the authors is in relation to "indigenous", where the author quotes Béteille (1998, pp. 190, 191) who suggests "that in the US,
the idea of indigenous people has acquired a certain moral charge, partly because of the awakening of old mem ories of usurpation, spoliation, and exploitation but also because many contemporary anthropologists seem to
enjoy being in a state of moral excitation. "

jvfernandes405 — 2021-04-14 01:44:01 UTC

Pennycok

marcelinhomoraesdealmeida3 — 2021-04-14 01:50:36 UTC

Pennycok in his article discusses the effects that English culture, especially the language, used as a suppression mechanism, resulted in the dominance that we see today in countries that were in its area of influence.
Even though the USA is a consequence of the English colonization, we can place it as a strong protagonist who succeeded this work of dominance and influence, previously occupied by England, above all, from the 20th century and still today it is used in scale on the day -the day-to-day of a country so diverse that it shelters diverse ethnic groups and has the largest immigration fleet in the world.

Referencies

marcelinhomoraesdealmeida3 — 2021-04-14 02:15:47 UTC

http://robertspage.com/dialects.html
http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesusa/usa.htm
https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/the-united-states-of-accents-hawaiian-english/
https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/what-is-the-united-states-official-language
Census Bureau Reports at Least 350 Languages Spoken in U.S. Homes
At Least 350 Languages Spoken In US Homes: New Report
Malabonga, Valeria (2009). "About the Tagalog Language"
Rhodes, Nancy C.; Pufahl, Ingrid (November 2009). "Foreign Language Teaching in U.S. Schools: Results of a National Survey"
https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/us-schools/
A convergence of racial reckoning for Black and Asian Americans - The Washington Post
DE LEON. The Conversation. "The Long History of US racism against Asian Americans from 'yellow peril' to 'model minority' to the 'Chinese virus'. April 8, 2020. Disponible in
https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_B04006&prodType=table