Getting to know Australia and New Zealand 🚕 by Hanna Debs

Traditional Australian music is inseparable from the Indigenous cultures. Aboriginal songmen are revered custodians, and represent rich and distinct oral traditions of each community.

2022-11-08 23:55:36 UTC

Australian literature has a particular feature, which is its collective value. It reflects the integration of the people whether than the individual behaviour. An interesting note to take is that this proposition is valid for the Indigenous people such as the European arrivals.

2022-11-09 00:05:12 UTC

Indigenous Australians are the original inhabitants of the territory of Australia. Their ancestors migrated from Africa and Asia.

2022-11-09 00:15:01 UTC

Slangs

kempereiralima — 2022-11-09 00:28:58 UTC

Most people will think that Australian people and New Zealand people speak the "common" Englsh as we study in college or high school. On the other hand, the real English spoken in those countries are more regional and it has strong "accents" creating their own way of speaking and reffering to things. The New Zealand people are known as Kiwi and the Austrialian as Aussie. They don't stop there. As they would say in Kiwi "Kia Ora"

References: https://spinthewindrose.com/speak-kiwi/

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8002507/Trans-Tasman-translations-Australian-New-Zealand-slang-terms-deciphered.html

https://travelteam.com/aussie-kiwi-phrases-know/

Maori: memory and oblivion

hannahdebsestudos — 2022-11-09 00:35:04 UTC

Maori is the indigenous language of New Zealand, therefore it encompasses elements of an ancestry in dispute for memory, practice or oblivion. Catherine Watson et. al state that "its increasingly close contact with English over the last 150 years led to its endangerment, though it is now subject to active revitalization efforts". Their study "reports on some results from the MAONZE (Maori and New Zealand English) Research Project, which is studying aspects of the mutual influence of Maori and English in the area of pronunciation".

Reference: https://benjamins.com/catalog/impact.25.07har

"For now, the Maori languange is like the korotangi of old: we cannot be sure whether it is alive, dead, or has already turned into stone".

hannahdebsestudos — 2022-11-09 00:42:42 UTC

This paper is a preliminary report on what the data reveal about the state of the Maori language in the 1970s.

The Mystery of the Korotangi

hannahdebsestudos — 2022-11-09 00:45:46 UTC

The most mysterious, sacred and remarkable of all Maori relics, 'The Korotangi' is the name given to a stone bird brought from Hawaiki to Aotearoa by the Maori in the Tainui huhunu, carved from a green mineral called serpentine found in China and Indonesia

The Korotangi is not of Maori or even Polynesian origin as it was made with metal tools of which the people of the Pacific had no knowledge. The Maori’s know they didn’t make it, and they don’t know who did. It is the opinion of most ethnologists is that the Korotangi is of indonesian origin and dates to around 790 ad. How it came into the Maoris ancestors hands and to board the Tainui canoe is a mystery.

Maori culture as a strategic resource during the 1970s and 1980s

hannahdebsestudos — 2022-11-09 00:50:42 UTC

Jeffrey Sissons discusses "the systematisation of Maori tradition in New Zealand during the 1970s and 1980s" (p. 97). The focus is on "the politicitization and rationalisation of Maori tradition within the New Zealan state, these processes occurring partly in response to calls by Maori leaders for a dismantling of colonial and monocultural structures in New Zealand and reactive objectifications of Maori tradition which challenged the legitimacy of the post-colonial state administration" (p. 97).

Sissons, J. (1993). The Systematisation of Tradition: Maori Culture as a Strategic Resource. Oceania, 64(2), 97–116. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1993.tb02457.x

kempereiralima — 2022-11-09 00:50:51 UTC

The Social organization in Australia or New Zealand is often based in you aboriginal population, being organizade by, the family and the horde, that ocuppies a certain territory. Knowing this, it is also important to know that most of the population of Australia and New Zealand lives in urban areas, around 86% in Oceania. The politics in these countries are a unitary parliamentary representative democracy, which says that they have the Prime minister and after that they have the king or the queen, nowadays being King Charles III.

References: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/australia-and-new-zealand-population/#:~:text=Countries%20in%20Australia%20and%20New%20Zealand&text=The%20current%20population%20of%20Australia,of%20the%20total%20world%20population.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40373034

https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/new-zealand-population

Culture Invention and Its Logic: a controversial approach

hannahdebsestudos — 2022-11-09 00:55:56 UTC

Allan Hansons' study investigates how anthropologists and society contribute for the "invention" of traditional cultures, through the case of the Maori ancestrality.

Hanson, A. (1989). The Making of the Maori: Culture Invention and Its Logic. American Anthropologist, 91(4), 890–902. doi:10.1525/aa.1989.91.4.02a00050

New Zealand Constitutional Culture

hannahdebsestudos — 2022-11-09 01:01:34 UTC

Matthew Palmer and his studies take "seriously the relationship between culture and a constitution" (p. 565). In "New Zealand Constitutional Culture", he investigates the relation between the country's contemporary culture and its support - or lack of - by the Constitution.

Maori People

igormsdias — 2022-11-09 12:14:33 UTC

They are indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand. There are no information of when exactly they arrived. They are known for their face tattoos, that are used to identify their history, social status and affiliation. Their traditional dance, kapa haka, is also well known. It's a mixture of dance, song and chanting in very powerful performance. There are various kinds of it, each one performed in different kinds of events, such as to intimidate before a war or to welcome poeple. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_E3yUjFNmc&ab_channel=umusicNZ

2022-11-09 13:54:07 UTC

New Zealand literature begins after European colonization, but the pre-literate Maori culture already had oral literary traditions.

Diversity in its formulation

hannahdebsestudos — 2023-01-16 12:33:44 UTC

"The music of New Zealand has been influenced by a number of traditions, including Māori music, the music introduced by European settlers during the nineteenth century, and a variety of styles imported during the twentieth century, including blues, jazz, country, rock and roll, reggae, and hip hop, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation".
Fonte: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand#:~:text=The%20music%20of%20New%20Zealand,hop%2C%20with%20many%20of%20these

"The New Zealand popular music industry has recently [2008] undergone impressive growth, and is poised to make a significant international impact"

hannahdebsestudos — 2023-01-17 09:56:35 UTC

"Two aspects of this newly privileged position are examined. First, broadly sketching twenty years of developments, I argue that Government willingness to get behind the local industry, especially the role of the post-2000 Labour Government, is a crucial determinant of the present success story. Secondly, I consider the debated relationship between local music and New Zealand cultural identity, with particular reference to two prominent musical styles: Kiwi ‘garage’ rock, and Polynesian-dominated local rap, reggae and hip-hop-inflected music. I argue that the local must not be overly valorised, and that it is necessary to distinguish between ‘local music’ as a cultural signifier and locally made music, with both worthy of support".

Fonte: Shuker, R. New Zealand popular music, government policy, and cultural identity. Popular Music, v. 27, n. 2, p. 271-287, 2008. Disponível em:

Kiwi rock: popular music and cultural identity in New Zealand

hannahdebsestudos — 2023-01-17 09:58:01 UTC

"The New Zealand popular music scene has seen a series of high points in recent years. Published in 1989 were John Dix's labour of love, Stranded in Paradise, a comprehensive history of New Zealand rock'n'roll; an influential report by the Trade Development Board, supportive of the local industry; and the proceedings of a well-supported Music New Zealand Convention held in 1987 (Baysting 1989). In the late 1980s, local bands featured strongly on the charts, with Dave Dobbyn (‘Slice of Heaven’, 1986), Tex Pistol (‘The Game of Love’, 1987) and the Holiday Makers (‘Sweet Lovers’, 1988) all having number one singles. Internationally, Shona Laing (‘Glad I'm Not A Kennedy’, 1987) and Crowded House (‘Don't Dream It's Over’, 1986) broke into the American market, while in Australia many New Zealand performers gathered critical accolades and commercial success".

Shuker, R., & Pickering, M. Kiwi rock: Popular music and cultural identity in New Zealand. Popular Music, v. 13, n. 3, p. 261-278, 1994.

A guide to music in New Zealand

2023-01-17 11:40:34 UTC

New Zealand music has western and polynesian influences with popular genres being jazz, blues, country, rock and hip hop.

Some fun facts:

Early Maori instruments called “taonga puroro” were made out of hollowed-out wood, stone, whale ivory, albatross bone and human bone
In 2013, Lorde became the youngest solo artist to reach number one in the US at 16 years old
The best-selling New Zealand pop song of all time is How Bizarreby OMC
In 2011, Kimbra collaborated with Belgian-Australian singer Gotye on “Somebody That I Used to Know” topping the charts in around 25 countries and selling more than 13 million copies worldwide
May is New Zealand Music Month, so it’s a good time to look out for local gigs

New Zealand has also an orchestra, one of the world's oldest national symphony orchestras, since 1947.

Maori is the mostly likely to hear through live performances; There are several forms of Maori music:

Waiata – songs are sung solo or in unison, usually lullabies, love songs or laments
Karanga – performed during a welcome ceremony known as a powhiri. It is the ceremonial call performed by the women of the welcoming tribe
Moteatea – traditional chanting performed even before the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand
Kapa haka – a type of Maori performing arts where groups showcase their cultural heritage through song and dance.

Australian Literature in the 21st century

2023-01-17 12:00:46 UTC

The Australian literature that marks the new millenium is based on the confrontation of the supremacist ideology of the lingering effects of the British Empire, a readership "interested in otherness", and exploring the compexity of postcolonial concerns. The impressions that stays about the Australian literature nowadays is one of this drought-threatened landscape with oases of hope.

VERNAY, Jean-François. International Perspectives on Australian Literature. Journal of Postcolonial Writing, vol. 58, n. 1, p. 1-5, 2022,

Modern Maori Literature in New Zealand

2023-01-17 12:21:01 UTC

Through the 1980s, it was perceived a increase of the literature in politicizing Maori issues, serving as examples Grace’s Cousins (1992) and Ihimaera’s Bulibasha (1994), both which reflect on the salvation of the Maori people being based on integration, education, and acceptance of individual responsability.

As to the poetry, its classic forms were rediscovered through academic studies, sometimes perceived as an exercise of self-limitation (due to the low percentage of the population who is fluent in Maori language), sometimes perceived as a showcase of their identity pride.

Music and Aboriginal people

2023-01-17 20:55:52 UTC

Aboriginal myths tell about totemic beings who walked around the territory singing out the names of everything that passed throug their way - birds, animals, plants - and giving meaning and existence to the world. This myth contributes to the understanding that the songlines define the intangible relationship between Aboriginal music, beliefs and the land.

The Traditional music of these groups is strongly rhythmical, with a dependence on natural sounds – handclaps, body slaps, the stamping of bare feet on the ground, or the clapping together of bilma and boomerangs. The best-known instrument is, of course, the didgeridoo, which gives either a pulse or sustained accompaniment to a dance, sacred ceremony or corroboree – a meeting of neighbouring tribes.

Source: https://www.songlines.co.uk/the-rough-guide-to-world-music/the-rough-guide-to-world-music-australia

Australia and Mainstream music

2023-01-17 21:04:44 UTC

When it comes to the internationalization of its music, Australia plays a interesting role, with some names recongnized beyond its borders, such as Kylie Minogue, AC/DC, Sia, Troye Sivan, Gotye, Iggy Azalea and Natalia Imbruglia.

This is due, of course, to these artists' appeal to the mainstream music and their approach to the American music industry.

New Zealand religion

larasmda19 — 2023-01-20 18:06:38 UTC

Christianity is the largest religion in New Zealand, with 15.4% of the population identifying with Protestant denominations, 10.1% identifying as Catholic and 11.9% identifying with some other form of Christianity.¹ However, almost half (48.6%) of New Zealanders stated they had no religion in the 2018 census, signifying the first time that the number of ‘religiously unaffiliated’ people has exceeded Christians.² The number of people affiliating with minority (non-Christian) religions is also increasing, such as Hinduism (2.7%), Maori religions, beliefs, and philosophies (1.3%), Islam (1.3%) and Buddhism (1.1%).

Australia religion

larasmda19 — 2023-01-20 18:12:11 UTC

Australia is a secular country, with a high degree of religious freedom and religious diversity. Although the state and religious groups are maintained as separate entities, religious institutions continue to play a large role in Australian society.
- Christianity is currently the most dominant religion in Australia, introduced by British settlers at colonisation.
- On a general cultural level, Australians tend to avoid overt displays of religiosity.

The Lost of Religion in New Zealand

igormsdias — 2023-01-23 10:06:45 UTC

More than 48,5% of New Zealand's population - or more than 2 milion people -says that they have no religion.

Religions in Australia

igormsdias — 2023-01-23 10:13:28 UTC

The biggest religion in Australia is Christianity (Catholics and Anglicans, mainly): more than 50% of the population. On the other hand, the fastest grwoing goup is the "No religion" group: almost 40% of the population.
But the fastaest growing religion is Yezidi, a religon from northern Iraq, that increased from 63 people in 2016 to 4,123 in 2021.

Resident population count who reported no religion between 2001-2018 in New Zealand

hannahdebsestudos — 2023-01-24 21:55:29 UTC

New Zealand Culture - Religion

kempereiralima — 2023-01-24 22:18:41 UTC

There is no state religion in New Zealand, but the principal religion is Christianity, with 38% of the population identifying themselves as Christians. In addition, around 8% of the population are affiliated with other religions (including Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism) and almost 49% of the population don’t identify as belonging to any religion. The traditional Maori religion still has some followers, but many Maori people converted to Christianity after the European settlement of New Zealand.

Diversity of religion and spiritual beliefs

kempereiralima — 2023-01-24 22:21:26 UTC

In the 2021 Census, Christianity remains the most common religion with 43.9 per cent of the population identifying as Christian, a decrease from 52.1 per cent in the 2016 Census. Non-Christians represented about 10% of the population, an increase from 8% in the 2016 census. The percentage of Australian’s reporting no religious affiliation continues to grow. It’s now at 38.9 per cent of the population compared to 30.1 per cent in the 2016 Census. The religious composition of the States and Territories varies.

Referência: https://racismnoway.com.au/about-racism/australias-cultural-diversity/diversity-of-religion-and-spiritual-beliefs/

Media Representations of Religion, Spirituality and Non-Religion in Australia

kempereiralima — 2023-01-24 22:22:53 UTC

Australia is a religiously diverse society, and this diversity long predates white settlement. Indigenous Australians have diverse cultural and spiritual practices. Waves of immigrants from Asia have long brought Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Islam to Australia, since the 1850s Gold Rush. The Australian Immigration Restriction Act, widely known as the ‘White Australia Policy’, was implemented in 1901 until 1973, largely to stem the flows of migration from Asia, and resulted in the myth of a white Christian Australia (Bouma and Halafoff 2017). Multiculturalism was embraced in the 1970s and remains a central part of the state of Victoria’s identity, yet it has eroded in part, with a swing toward a more narrow nationalism and accompanying policies of social cohesion and citizenship, emerging at the federal level, that have also impacted Victoria’s policies in more recent years (see (Ezzy et al. 2020) in this Special Issue).

In terms of religious demographics, the state of Victoria follows a similar pattern to the rest of Australia and many Western societies in that it is becoming increasingly non-religious and religiously diverse concurrently. In the 2011 Census, 57.5% of Victoria’s population identified as Christian, 24% as having No Religion, 3.1% as Buddhists, 2.9% as Muslims, 1.6% as Hindus, and 0.8% as Jews. In the 2016 Census, 47.9% of Victoria’s population identified as Christian, 31.9% as having No Religion, 3.3% as Muslims, 3.1% as Buddhists, 2.3% as Hindus, and 0.7% as Jews. The fastest growing groups are Hindus, Muslims, and No Religion. Christianity, by contrast, is declining sharply (.idcommunity n.d.).

Interest in spirituality is also strong in Australia. The Australian National Church Life Survey Research Australian Community Survey, a national random survey of 1258 Australian adults (over 18) conducted in December 2016, found 39.9% to be ‘Nones’, 16.9% to be ‘Spiritual but not Religious,’ and 43.3% to be ‘Religious and Spiritual’ (Pepper and Powell 2016). The Australia’s Generation Z (AGZ) study, conducted in 2016–2018, found six types of worldviews among 13–18 year-olds: 23% were ‘this-worldly’/non-religious, 15% were ‘indifferent’, 18% were ‘spiritual but not religious’, 8% were ‘religious and spiritual’, 20% were ‘nominally religious’ and 17% were ‘religiously committed’ (Singleton et al. 2019). The AGZ study also found that a large number of Australian teens engaged in spiritual practices and beliefs; 22% had practiced yoga and 30% had practiced meditation (both outside of school), 20% believed in astrology, 30% in reincarnation, and 50% in karma (Singleton et al. 2019).

Australia has no state church, and Australians have been described as being quite private and subdued in their religious expression, with religious participation recorded as low to moderate (Bouma 2006). This has been changing in recent years, with more public displays of conservative religiosity by political figures, including current and recent Prime Ministers Scott Morrison and Tony Abbott, and in vehement debates regarding same-sex marriage and religious freedom. Disturbingly, the frequency of incidents of ‘discrimination on the basis of skin colour, ethnicity or religion’ reported by respondents in the annual Australian Mapping Social Cohesion studies increased from 9% in 2007 to 20% in 2017, with Muslims and Hindus reporting the highest levels of such incidents committed against them. In addition, since 2010, 22–25% of respondents have noted ‘very negative’ or ‘negative’ attitudes towards Muslims, compared to 4–5% toward Christians and Buddhists (Markus 2017, pp. 3, 57, 59).

Religion and Etrepreneurship in New Zealand

hannahdebsestudos — 2023-01-25 11:16:34 UTC

Religious coping, stress, and quality of life of Muslim university students in New Zealand

hannahdebsestudos — 2023-01-25 11:17:09 UTC