- occurred in several places such as Europe and Africa
- protestors aimed at opposing International Monetary Fund's (IMF) austerity policies
- these policies immensely affected their lives - people in developed/developing countries had limited access to basic commodities 
- protestors took direct action - Europe - "take control of buildings..and to protest policies such welfare cuts and racism in immigration" (Staggenborg, 2016, p. 169)

- consisted of marches and protests
- centralized around direct action 
- protestors dressed up in turtle costumes in response to the World Trade Organization
- the WTO had decided to increase their trade with other countries but in doing so, their shipping methods using a net harmed sea turtles and essentially, had the turtles endangered
- activists protested at WTO's conference in Seattle in 1999
- similar to CIRCA - collective identity utilized - the idea of 'global actors' 

significantly, no permit was requested for this event), an affirmation of the joy of

solidarity and resistance" (Bogad, 2010, p. 540). 
- the Carnival and the clowns took up space but in unpredictable ways
  - tactics include clown improv and attire - can spark intimidation and even amusement for police 
- the loud atmosphere also appeals to the public to convince them to join
   * this slightly mirrors the Battle of Seattle - they're both unpredictable protests - utilize the unique approach of costumes - they both focus on direct action - collective identity utilized - the idea of 'global actors'

* CIRCA's inspiration of 'carnival' lies in the roots of the Battle of Seattle of 1999 through the use of global actors and creating a colorful, loud, and free atmosphere 
- Also mirrors the 'Free Trade Area of the America's' "Carnival Against Capital"

disharmonize the barrage of negative images" (Bogad, 2010, p. 542)
  - to utilize the media and also policing against their own momentum by interrupting 'business as usual' with a loud and colorful atmosphere
- with the use of colorful imagery, it creates a positive aspect of the movement and therefore, widens participation and potential action from the government

 

celebration without state permits or sanction" (Bogad, 2010, p. 540)
    - aimed in appealing to all people (workers, students, etc.)
    - utilized the idea of 'carnival' to appeal to people and to widen participation - centralizes the focus around unity and the importance of including everyone's opinions and wisdom

* Although the Ogoni people and participants in CIRCA had contrasting goals, they both utilized 'frame bridging' by protesting their own local concerns and bringing it to the forefront of the larger campaign of the GJM

* Both CIRCA and other GJM organizations heavily used the concept of 'carnival' to capture attention of the public, but also to stand out and widen participation through the use of media. 
* Organizations/movements of the GJM aimed to evoke emotion - not frustration or anger, but to evoke happiness and joy, even among police guards - 'global actors' 
* Both CIRCA and Battle of Seattle utilized tactical performance to display nonviolent civil disobedience