https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays In the Great War (28 July 1914–11 November 1918), Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fight against, and lose to, Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada, Japan, and the United States (the Allied Powers). New military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare lead to unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction, with more than 16 million estimated casualties. In particular, the United Kingdom, led by former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith then David Lloyd George, with King George V on the throne, sees an increase in conscription, taxation and rationing, as well as censorship. The mobilisation of the workforce, then, means more than a million women replacing soldiers on duty. Though isolated from the mainland, British soil suffers under the German Zeppelin and other aircraft raids, with civilians subjected to strategic bombing and even naval bombardments and food shortages caused by submarine blockades. en-us 2022-11-03 11:59:26 UTC 2022-11-03 14:16:39 UTC hello@padlet.com isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368308810 After the regicide of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, by Bosnian Serb student, Gavrilo Princip, Austria-Hungary demands Serbia arrest the responsible leaders of the Black Hand, but Serbia refuses and thus appeals to Russia for help. A month later, on 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, officially beginning the First World War. Germany follows suit against Russia and France, with troops then invading Belgium. On that same day, protesting the violation of Belgian independence and neutrality, guaranteed by the Treaty of London (1839), the United Kingdom joins the fight against Germany. They “call out” the Army and Navy Reserves, with the Territorial Force “embodied” by Royal Proclamation.]]> 2022-11-03 12:02:43 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368308810 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368320478 The calling for 100,000 men to enlist in the army forms six new divisions of volunteers, called “Kitchener’s army”, within two weeks. By December, men enlist together in local recruiting drives, known as “Pals battalions”, promised to serve alongside their friends, neighbours, and colleagues instead of being arbitrarily allocated. By March of next year, the total number of divisions increases to 41.]]> 2022-11-03 12:11:16 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368320478 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368329141 2022-11-03 12:17:21 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368329141 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368331773 As a piece of emergency legislation, enacted without debate and passed by Parliament, DORA gives the government wide-ranging powers during the war, ensuring the security of the nation by preventing potential invasions and keeping a high British morale. For example, it allows the requisition of needed buildings or land, as well as the creation of criminal offences through new regulations. DORA imposes various authoritarian mechanisms of social control, such as heavy censorship of the press in journalism and front-line letters, redacting any operational information that might be exploited by the Central powers. It even prohibits simple peacetime activities like flying kites, starting bonfires, and buying binoculars or alcohol on public transport, restricting pub opening times. Over time, amendments take place to encompass more precautions.]]> 2022-11-03 12:19:17 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368331773 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368339235 2022-11-03 12:24:31 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368339235 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368345755 Two German Navy Zeppelin airships—a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin—drop bombs and incendiaries over the seaside town and unparished area of Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn in Norfolk. Four civilians are killed and sixteen injured.]]> 2022-11-03 12:28:56 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368345755 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368348452 2022-11-03 12:30:34 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368348452 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368352324 As founder and leader of the Suffragettes, members of the British Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) militant movement who fought for their right to vote in public elections through direct political action and civil disobedience, Pankhurst and her followers march through the public square in the City of Westminster, Central London, to demonstrate their willingness to help in any war service to David Lloyd George, the Minister of Munitions. In terms of social change, women’s presence in the local workforce was already encouraged by, for example, the first “dilution” agreement between the Engineering Employers Federation and trades unions (1914), allowing inexperienced workers, like women, to assume certain jobs, and the Women’s War Agricultural Committees. Moreover, this mobilisation of the workforce leads to the establishment of the Women’s Land Army and Women’s Forestry Corps (1917), as well as the Women’s Royal Naval Service and Women’s Royal Air Force (1918).]]> 2022-11-03 12:32:59 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368352324 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368356941 2022-11-03 12:36:18 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368356941 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368359807 Passed by Parliament, who no longer relies on voluntary enlistment or the moral conscription of the Derby Scheme’s strong pressure tactics, men from 18 to 41 years old can be called up for service in the army. The only exemptions include those who are married, widowed with children, serving in the Royal Navy, a minister of religion, working in one of a number of reserved occupations, or for conscientious objection approved, usually temporarily, by the Local Military Service Tribunals.]]> 2022-11-03 12:38:17 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368359807 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368364890 2022-11-03 12:41:31 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368364890 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368370141 With Britain’s forces focused on the global conflict, the rebels of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), the Irish Volunteers, and the Irish Citizen Army (ICA) launch into an armed insurrection against British rule in the hopes of establishing an independent Irish Republic. Outside Dublin’s General Post Office (G.P.O.), Pádraig Pearse reads out their proclamation to the public, undertaking a following week-long conflict that, though ending in their surrender and the execution of Rising leaders, sparks further support for their cause along the way to Irish independence.]]> 2022-11-03 12:44:33 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368370141 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368376070 2022-11-03 12:46:54 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368376070 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368381194 A British documentary and propaganda war film, shot by Geoffrey Malins and John McDowell, it depicts the British Expeditionary Force in the early days of the real Battle of the Somme (1 July–18 November 1916), the first one fought between the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire, taking place on both sides of the upper reaches of the French river. It depicts trench warfare and its wounding consequences, even staging scenes behind the actual lines of combat. An estimate of 20 million Britons see the film during its first six weeks of release.]]> 2022-11-03 12:49:08 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368381194 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368383708 2022-11-03 12:50:45 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368383708 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368387185 Appointed Prime Minister by King George V, liberal David Lloyd George replaces H. H. Asquith, who’d been held responsible for British losses thus far and whose continuing supporters served as the Official Opposition.]]> 2022-11-03 12:52:54 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368387185 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368392462 2022-11-03 12:55:44 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368392462 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368396447 Under the New Ministries and Secretaries Act of the same year, food controllers can regulate the supply and consumption of food, leading to several rationings, while simultaneously taking steps to encourage its production. For example, it controls the oils and fats previously managed by the Ministry of Munitions, the cheese and frozen fish of the Board of Trade, the oats from the War Office, as well as supplies of flour and other grains due to the Royal Commission on Wheat Supplies set up by Order in Council. It even sponsors a network of canteens known as National Kitchens—restaurants aimed at feeding people cheaply and economically—considering the scarcity of supplies caused by the German U-boat campaign, which deployed the Imperial German Navy on the German Bight, commerce raiders, and unrestricted submarine warfare against the trade routes of the Allies.]]> 2022-11-03 12:58:36 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368396447 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368398482 2022-11-03 12:59:54 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368398482 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368409206 The Gotha G.IV, a heavy bomber—aircraft capable of delivering the largest payload of air-to-ground weaponry (usually bombs) and longest range (take-off to landing) of their time—used by the Luftstreitkräfte (Imperial German Air Service) attacks Folkestone in Kent.]]> 2022-11-03 13:06:44 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368409206 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368412197 2022-11-03 13:08:41 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368412197 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368419657 2022-11-03 13:13:14 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368419657 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368441997 The Armistice of 11 November 1918, signed at Le Francport near Compiègne in France, ends fighting on land, sea, and air between the Allies and Germany, their last remaining opponent. Lloyd George makes a statement to the House confirming the terms of peace, the chimes of the Big Ben bellowing on the streets. The mood within the Palace of Westminster, contrary to public celebration, remains sombre, with Parliamentarians retiring for a Thanksgiving service at the Church of St. Margaret, Westminster. To this day, citizens across the United Kingdom pay their respects to those who died in war by following a national service of remembrance at the Cenotaph in London, "Armistice Day" falling every Sunday closest to 11 November.]]> 2022-11-03 13:26:40 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368441997 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368444571 2022-11-03 13:27:57 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368444571 isabellamaldonadobertello https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368495416 2022-11-03 13:53:28 UTC https://padlet.com/isabellamaldonadobertello/tdjpf8cdhez3kays/wish/2368495416