Methane gas can be a problem

Mistakes are expensive to correct on further stages it could even result in the building been demolished

Building line imaginary line set by the local authority

Boundary Line is something you cant build over like. A fence

Used for the sea level mark

Transit levels. Can provide a vertical plum line

Laser levels are the modern Piece of technology

Keeping it square is very important cause a building needs ro be square 90

To. Make. It square the 3 4 5 message is used Pythagorastherum.

Floor plan

Risk assessment

Rules and regulations

Costs and orders

Drawings

schedules

Emails

Letters

cdm. Regs

lower R values means better insulation capabilities

Wet insulation loses up to 50% of its capabilities

Glass wool or rock wool trap air in fine fibers

Polystyrene and polyisocyanurate foam contain trapped gas cells

perlite, vermiculite, and cellulose offer loose fill options

foil faced surfaces reflect heat

Glass wool and mineral wool trap air in fine fibres.

Polystyrene and polyisocyanurate foam contain trapped gas cells.

Perlite, vermiculate and cellulose offer loose-fill options.

Foil-faced materials reduce radiant heat transfer by reflecting thermal radiation.

If insulation becomes wet it will have less capabilities and will be less efficient.

Refrigeration systems, chilled water distribution and cryogenic storage facilities require specialised low-temperature insulation.

Hot water systems. steam distribution and HVAC applications utilise standard thermal insulation materials.

XPS foam boards have excellent moisture resistance.

2.prevents heat transfer

3.to prevent mold growth, maintain energy efficiency, protect structural integrity, and extend the lifespan of buildings

4.Temperature range determines the thermal conductivity and R-value of insulation materials

5.impacting its thermal resistance (R-value), thermal mass, and sound insulation capabilities

6.to save lives by providing time for safe evacuation and firefighting, prevent property damage by slowing fire spread and maintaining structural integrity, and comply with building regulations which mandate specific fire performance standards for safety

temperature sensors monitor the heat levels outside and either switches on the radiators or AC

buildings consume 30 to 40% of global energy and contribute to 1 third of greenhouse gas emissions

water scarcity and rising energy demand threaten ecosystems and human health across the globe

efficient buildings reduce carbon footprint conserve precious resources and lower operational costs significantly

houses in the Northern hemisphere typically face south as that's where the sun rises in the UK

properly sized high efficient HVAC equipment like heat pumps and condensing boilers deliver optimal comfort

strategic placement of windows skylights and light wells maximises natural lighting

energy efficient LED lighting combined with occupancy sensors ensures lights operate only when needed

Heat levels outside and either switches on the radiators or AC.

Water scarcity and rising energy demand threaten ecosystems and human health across the globe.

Efficient buildings reduce carbon footprint, conserve precious resources and lower operation costs significantly.

Buildings consumer 30-40 percent of globe energy and contribute over one-third of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide.

The urgency for sustainable building practices has never been greater. With rapid urbanisation and climate pressures mounting every building decision today shapes our environment tomorrow.

High-performance insulation and continuous air sealing from the foundation of energy efficiency.

Double or triple-glazed windows with low-emissivity coatings significantly improve thermal performance.

Properly sized, high-efficiency HVAC equipment like heat pumps and condensing boilers deliver optimal comfort whilst minimising energy consumption.

ERV and HRV systems recycle heat from exhaust air whilst providing fresh air circulation.

Zoning systems and programmable thermostats enable precise temperature control in different building areas.

Strategic placement of windows, skylights and light wells maximises natural lighting.

Energy-efficient LED lighting combined with occupancy sensors ensures lights operate only when needed.

Rooftop solar photovoltaic panels with optimal orientation and grid-tied net metering generate clean electricity.

Install WaterSense-labelled toilets, faucets and showerheads that maintain performance whilst significantly reducing water consumption.

Rainwater harvesting captures precipitation for irrigation and non-potable uses.

Design compact plumbing layouts to minimise pipe lengths and reduce water waste.

2.Sustainable building materials can have higher upfront costs, but this is often offset by long-term savings from lower energy consumption, maintenance, and replacement costs, making the overall lifecycle cost comparable or even lower than traditional methods

3.sequestering carbon in buildings, using less energy in manufacturing than steel and concrete, and replacing these high-emission materials, thereby lowering the overall carbon footprint of construction

4.its composition of hemp shiv and lime binder provides both thermal mass and natural breathability, which together regulate indoor temperatures by absorbing and slowly releasing heat

5.can be used for structural elements

6.having a significantly lower carbon footprint than cement

7.reducing waste, lowering energy consumption, minimizing on-site pollution, optimizing material usage, and improving overall energy efficiency due to controlled factory environments

8.higher upfront costs, limited availability of many sustainable materials, a lack of awareness and expertise within the construction industry, and complex regulatory and policy barriers that do not always support innovative solutions

9.significantly reducing transportation-related carbon emissions, thus lowering a project's carbon footprint and greenhouse gas pollution

2.4 sand shar, 2 Aggrogate and cement.

3.The 3 main types of foundations used in constructions are strip and wide strip, raft and pile foundation.

4.4 ballast and 1 cement depending on the foundation.

5.6 ballast and 1 cement.

6.Strip foundations are arguably the cheapest form of foundation available to designers and constructors.

7.Excavate trench, pour concrete, reinforce with rebar, construct walls to DPC and backfill as required.

8.Raft foundations are often used where the ground had poor load-bearing capacity.

9.Excavate soil, stabilise soil, pour concrete raft and construct walls.

10.Hardcore is a layer of solid, granular, non-combustible materials such as crushed rock, gravel and recycled concrete or bricks.

11.Piled foundations are frequently used on large, heavy buildings or where the ground had poor load-bearing capabilities.

12.

4 fine aggregate

2 course aggregate

1 cement powder

or

6 ballast

1 concrete

10 Tonnes of builing waste is created every year costing roughly 1.5 billion pounds

what is waste

waste can be any sort of material that cant be used in any sort of way or scrap material.

inert waste is waste that will not decompose such as rubble metal and rubber

putrescible waste is waste that will rot such as timber food and paper

special waste is waste that is dangerous to dispose of

there are individual tip for certain waste materials

tip A brick rubble cement paster paster board

tip B empty paint tins adhesive tins or drums

tip C wood cardboard paper carpet

tip D scrap metal pipe wire

tip E various chemicals oil grease

tip F PVC window mouldings gutters and down pipes

Rubble is inert waste that doesn’t decompose putrescible is something that decays like food paper

Special waste is dangerous eg oil chemicals

Big skip costs around 300 pounds

Liscence is required if you deposit recover or dispose of. Controlled waste

A. Brick

B paint tins

C. Wood

D pipes.

E oil

F gutters

Site waste management plans regs 2008

Part h of the building regulations

Improves health safety and welfare

Helps reduce cost of materials

Household waste.

Industrial and commercial waste

Grey water clean waste. Water from baths and kitchen apliainces

Foul water is toilet water cess pit

waste is stuff that no longer has use like offcuts of wood broken bricks any unwanted items waste that will not decompose like rubble concrete metal rubal there is diffrent tips for everything site waste pans regulations 2008 part H of the building regulations improves health and safety on site for foul water drainage and disposal

2.Weight-24% wood, 38% cardboard, 11% drywall, 1% masonry, metals and other.

3.Waste are things that have no use or barley any use for example metal, wood and bricks.

4.Waste is any substance which constitutes a scrap material or effluent, or otherwise any unwanted surplus arising from the application of any process.

5.Any substance or article which requires disposal as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled.

6.Controlled waste is building and demolition waste and household industrial and commercial waste and it may also be divided into three types inert waste, putrescible waste and special waste.

7.Putrescible waste is waste which will rot and decompose for example timber, food and paper.

8.Special waste is waste which is dangerous to keep or dispose of for example oil, adhesives and chemicals.

9.The average 8 cubic yard skip costs $150.

10.The average cost of what is being thrown away in that skip is over $1.5 billion.

11.A reduction of 1% of this would save $15 million.

12.A licence is required if you deposit, recover or dispose of controlled waste.

13.A building contractor for example a joiner even if they carry their own waste, must have a proper transfer note, and this must be given to the site receiving the waste.

14.The transfer note must contain an honest description of the waste and it is illegal to carry or dispose of waste without a carrier licence and can result in getting fined.

15.A-brick, rubble, cement, plaster, plasterboard.

16.B-empty paint tins, adhesive tins or drums.

17.Site Waste Management Plans Regulations 2008.

18.Part H of the Building Regulations.

19.Improves health, safety and welfare on site, helps reduce cost of materials through recycling and can help reduce wastage costs.

20.Part H ensure that drainage systems are installed correctly to prevent blockages, leaks and pollution.

21.Part H6-solid waste storage.

22.PartH6-A-relevant waste collection legislation.

23.These regulations cover the storage and collection of household waste, industrial and commercial waste and they also cover access for the removal of waste to be maintained.

24.A ses pit is where all the extrament goes and stores it all and away from fresh water.

25.Industrial waste contains waste such as steel, oil and methane.

26.If you are involved in a construction or demolition project in the UK worth $300,000 or more, you have a legal duty to complete a Site Waste Management Plan.

27.SWMP- SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN.

28.Improve efficiency and profitability by promoting reuse, recycling and recovery of waste rather than disposal.

Type of waste:

-Building and demolition waste and household industrial and commercial waste.

Putrescible waste- waste which will rot and decompose, eg timber, food, paper.

Special waste- waste which is dangerous to keep or dispose of, eg oils

Site waste facts-

-The average 8 cubic skip costs around £150

-The average cost of what is being thrown away in that skip is over £1500

waste management system

-A licence is required if you deposit, recover or dispose of controlled waste.

-A building contractor who carries waste, eg a joiner, even if they carry their own waste, must have a proper transfer note, and this must be given to the site receiving the waste.

Loads should be segregated for correct disposal. This may mean several skips:

-A- brick, rubble, cement, plaster, plasterboard

-B-empty paint tins, adhesive tins or drums

-c-wood, carboard, paper, carpet

-D-Scrap, metal, pipe, wire

-E-various chemicals, oil grease

-F- PVC window mouldings, gutters and down pipes

The importance of waste management

1-Site waste management plans regulations 2008

2-Part H of the building regulations

Part H pf the buildings regulations

Part H6- solid waste storage

Part-H6-A - a relevant waste collection legislation

inert waste: that wont decompose is like bricks

putrescible waste: waste that will rott

Special waste: is which is dangerous to decompose of

you have to have a permit to dump waste it is illiagal to dump with out one

the skips are separated by correct disposal A- brick rubble cement plaster plaster bored B-empty paint tins adhesive tins or drums C-wood cardbored paper carpet D- srap metal pipe wire E-vairous chemicals oil greace F- PVC window moldings gutters and down pipes

PART H building building regulations improves health and safty and wellfare on site helps deduce cost of matrials through recyling can help reduce waste cost

waste management

three aims of the SWMP

Improve efficiency and pofobilaty by promoting reuse, recycling and recovery of waste rather than disposoble

reduce fly tipping by keeping a full audit trail of waste removed from sites and complying with waste duty of ceare regulations

Increce environmental awarness of your workforce mangement your environments

mangement performance is likely to improve the more your workers are aware of their responcebilitys including site waste mangement plan information in induction training or as part of environmental awareness training can help with his aim

2.Raft foundations are often used when the ground had poor load-bearing capacity.

3.Pile foundations are frequently used on large or heavy buildings.

4.Raft foundations steps-Excavate soil, stabalise soil, pour concrete raft and finally construct walls.

raft,pad,strip,pile

concrete mix

weight of the structure

purpose of the structure

history of the site

the soil of the site

ground support

activity in the structure

pad a rectanguler concrete load used to support a single point

strip a contiunus strip of leveld out concrete shearing the weight of the wall

raft a large concrete slab covering an entire blue print

concrete 1 cement 2 gravel 3 sand

common type of shallow foundation for light to moderate loads on stable

it can also be cost effective

pile- Installing long, slender piles (columns) made of concrete, steel, or timber deep into the ground to transfer a structures load to stronger soil or rock layers.

common methods

-driven piles

-bored piles

Raft-Preparing a site by excavating levelling, and compacting the ground, then laying a hard-core sub-base.

Key steps include placing damp-proof and insulation membranes, building form-work, and ensuring proper concrete coverage for the steel reinforcement.

Slab- a thick, level concrete slab poured directly on the ground floor of a building.

it is a popular and often cost-effective foundation type.

Includes a gravel base for drainage and steel reinforcement.

Internal and external walls:

Internal wall- An internal wall is a wall inside a building that divides rooms or spaces. It can be load-bearing or non-load bearing.

External wall:

An external wall forms the outside of a building, providing structual support, weather protection, insulation, and security. It seperates the inside of the building from the external environment.

Load bearing wall- a structual wall that supports and transfers the weight of the building, such as the roof, floors, and walls above it, down to the foundation.

None bearing wall- an interior wall that does not support the structual load of a building, such as a roof or floor above it.

Load bearing walls-

Lightweight or medium-density blocks, 100mm tick, are commonly used at this stage and can be used for the ground floor partitons, however ensuring they have the same density as the external walls.

This is timber stud work that is non loadbearing. The upper loads are being carried by the steel girders.

Internal wall finishing:

-plastering

-dry lining

-Dot and Dab

Wall ties:

Wall ties are used to hold the inner and outer leaves of a cavity wall to together to strengthen it.

They are positioned in between the mortar joints

Building reg state the maximum spacing for wall ties should be no more than 900 mm horizontally and no more than 450 mm vertically.

Weep vent/ holes:

weep vents provide essential ventilation for the internal wall cavity and drainage of water that may have entered the cavity through condensation, building damage or capillary action.

Left unmaintained, weep holes can provide access for wasps and bees. Its therefor vital that weep holes are maintained with suitable and dedicated weep vents, ensuring air can flow, water can drain and unwanted visitors are kept out.

Pile foundations is a deep foundation thats consists of long slender concrete datum’s

Strip foundation is a continuous strip. Of level concrete distributing the weight evenly.

Raft foundation is a large concrete slab that covers an entire footprint of a building

Concrete. Ratio is. 1.2.3

An external wall forms the outside of a building, providing structural support, weather protection, insulation, and security. It seperates the inside of the building from the external environment.

external walls are the outside walls of a building providing support weather protection insulation and security.

W x h

Internal wall finish plastering dry lining dot and dab

Wall Ties hold the internal and external walls from collapsing.

900 mm Horizontally 450Mm vertically

Weep vents and holes-allow drainage of water and any unwanted insects

Dpc is a layer that reverts water and moisture. From entering the building 150mm from the ground

Motor holds bricks

External walls can be rendered Render is sand and cement

Brick bonds stretcher and English Flemish

extranal wall an extrenall wall forms of a building providing structual support wether protection insulation and securaty, it separeates the inside and the out side of the building

load bearing wall a structurall wall that holds and transfears the weight of the building such as the roof the walls and the foor above it down to the foundation #

none bering wall an intireor wall that dose not support the structual load of a building such as a roof or floor above it

internall walls will need to be butrest by extrnall walls or iner leaf or and the ground floor those walls are also supported by the ground flooring

load bearing walls always runn perpendicular to the joists

light weight blocks are used to ensure intiror walls have the same dencity as extirior walls

Any internall walls can be load bearing timber or block work

if its a timber all its set by a steel joist

the formular for mesureing a wall is hight times with or with times hight

wall ties make sure the wall docent fall in or out and they have to be in the regulations of more than 900mm horizontally and no more than 450mm vertically

walls that weep holes are mentatind with suitible and dedicated weep vents ensureing air can flow water can drain and unwanted visters can keep out

DPC has to be intalled 150 miters above extrnal wall finish it prevents riseing damp

morter is used to bond extria bricks

external walls can be coverd in render is a mix of sand an cement

2.An external wall forms the outside of a building, providing structural support, weather protection, insulation and security and separates the building from the external environment.

3.The purpose of a load-bearing wall is to support the weight of the structure above it and transfer the vertical load down to the foundation.

4.The purpose of a non-load-bearing wall is used to divide space and create rooms.

5.As the external structure rises it will need to be buttressed by the internal walls, or inner leaf, and, on the ground floor, those walls will be supporting the first-floor structure too.

6.Load-bearing walls always run perpendicular to the joist.

7.Lightweight or medium-density blocks, 100mm thick, are commonly used at this stage and can be used for the ground floor partitions, however ensuring they have the same density as the external walls.

8.Upper loads are being carried by the stell girders (R.S.J).

9.Internal walls-Partition walls-Block work, Timber stud work (Softwood or Canadian lumber standard) and Metal stud.

10.Metal studwork can be used in the same way as timber, it is very quick to erect and has better fire-resistant properties.

11.Internal walls are constructed to divide the internal space in useable rooms, they can be load bearing to support any walls, floors and roofs above, the main two types are-Blockwork and timber and both types can be load bearing-therefore a survey must be carried out prior to any work altering internal walls.

12.The formula for measuring walls is AREA=WIDTHXHEIGHT.

13.Internal wall finishes-Plastering, Dry lining and Dot and dab.

14.Cavity walls-A cavity is placed between the inner and outer leaf of the wall.

15.Wall ties are used to hold the inner and outer leaves of a cavity wall to together to strengthen it, they are positioned in between the mortar joints, building regs state that the maximum spacing for wall ties should be no more than 900mm horizontal and no more then 450mm vertically.

16.Weep vents provide essential ventilation for the internal wall cavity and drainage of water that may have entered the cavity through condensation, building damage or capillary action.

17.Left unmaintained, weep holes can provide access for wasps and bees. It's therefore vital that weep holes are maintained with suitable and dedicated weep vents, ensuring the air can flow.

18.The wall can be left without the external render finish, SOLID WALLS-THE WALL IS CONSTRUCTED AS A SINGLE LEAF.

19.DPC-A damp proof course is installed to prevent rising damp entering the property.

20.Mortar is the workable paste used to bind bricks.

21.External walls can be coated in render.

22.Brick bonds-When bricks and blocks are laid the vertical joints are staggered.

2) a solid wall is a single wall with a thick layer of masonry and cavity wall is 2 layers and also leavs a gap Solid wall = one leaf thick; cavity wall = two leaves with air gap/insulation

3) exterior wall,internal wall, cavity wall Inner leaf, outer leaf, wall ties, DPC, insulation, cavity

4) timber and plasterboard Timber studwork, metal stud, blockwork, plasterboard 5)to connect the inner and outer wall Tie leaves together for strength/stability; prevent separation
6) To stop moisture rising through the wall B – To stop moisture rising through the wall
7)Internal partition wall C – Internal partition wall
8) On the inner surface of the plaster B – Between the inner and outer leaves

9) it can be stopped by using damp proof course dpc Cavity acts as barrier; wall ties angled downward; cavity trays; DPC/DPM

10) installation effiency and modern flexibility Lightweight and easy to install; flexible for layout changes; conceal services; good acoustic properties

Q2 cavity wall has two seprete layers with a space between while a soild wall is just one single leyer of brick

Q3 outter leaf inner leaf cavity

Q4 wood and plasterbored

Q5to connect the inner and outta layers (inner and outta leafs)

Q6 B

Q7 C

Q8 B

Q9 by placing damp proof casing two bricks with of the ground hight

Q10 cheap and quick to put up

Structural support and environmental protection.

The difference between a solid wall and a cavity wall?

Solid walls consist of a single layer of material whereas cavity walls have two layers with a gap in between, providing better insulation and moist control.

Three components of typical cavity wall construction?

Inner leaf, Outer leaf and cavity.

Two materials commonly used to construct internal partition walls?

Gypsum wallboards and Glass partition walls.

What is the purpose of wall ties in cavity walls?

They act as connectors holding the two walls together.

Which of the following is a key reason for including damp-proof course in a external wall?

B

Which type of wall is designed to provide rooms within a building?

C

In cavity wall construction insulation is usually placed?

B

Describe how moisture is prevented from crossing the outer leaf to the inner leaf?

DPC

Two reasons why internal stud partition walls are often used in modern construction?

Lightweight and easy to install and flexible for layout changes.

hard should not contain any water solluable sulphates

hardcore must be compressed to 100mm layers maximum

air brick is used to provide air flow to suspended timber flooring

the insulation is supported so it doesn't touch the floor an become damp

block and beam is typically on the ground floor

Hollow ground floors are traditionally constructed of timber. However, the preparation for the floor is carried out by the bricklayer.

one way to insulate the floor using glass fibre quilt which can be supported

Open web joists offer advantages over I-joists, primarily due to their open design which allows for longer spans, greater flexibility for installing services like plumbing and wiring, and reduced site waste and installation time.

I now know how floor insulation is implemented

The main disadvantages of using I-joists over open-web joists are poorer fire performance due to a faster burn rate, a greater susceptibility to moisture damage, and stricter requirements for running utilities, which requires following manufacturer guidelines for cutting holes in the web. I-joists can also be more expensive and more prone to splitting if not handled carefully. 

hardcore should be laid at a maximum 100 mm and should be well compacted.

blinding is usually building sand spread on top of hardcore to provide an even bed.

whacker plate used to compress the hardcore. instalution should be laid above the dpm under the floor slab or on finished floor.

oversite concrete should be atleast a 100m thick if placed on instalution it will be 150mm thick. the most common way to instulte the flooring put something under the joist to hold it up. advantages of web joist easier to install utillty services and greater spanning capibility reduce site labour and waste stabiltty. the disadvantages of using i joists are they are more vunreble to fire and less stable more flexible

stability the state of haveing a atable foundation or grounf floor

Durability ability to withstand preshure or weight

Stability: In carpentry and joinery, the word stability primarily relates to the resistance of wood and finished structures to changes in size, shape, and position.

Durability: In carpentry and joinery, durability is a key performance factor that refers to a timber's lifespan and its ability to resist biological degradation (rot, fungi, and insect attack) and withstand wear and tear over time.

stability. prevent shaking or wobbling shifting and makes sure they stay firm and steady.

durabilty. long lasting with wear and tear a durable exterior door can outstand weather and everything

2.Stability-Prevent wobbling, shifting or collapse and it ensures that constructed items remain steady and firm.

3.Durability-Pertains to how long a carpentry piece can last without significant wear or deterioration.

Hardcore should be compacted,laid maximum 100 m. And should not contain water solubles

Joists shouldn’t touch external walls because they will. Get damp. Or wet and that will result in rot

Honey combs sleeper walls are constructed with holes between the brick work to Allow air to Ventilate the void below the floor

Insulate the floor using glass fibre quilt thats supported under joist with metal wire

Advantage of open web joists are longer open plan with out internal space increased span capability

Robust is the sturdiness and. Strength of a building

Stability is how the structure wobbles and moves

Durability is how well It copes well under weather conditions and how strong the building is

2-A solid wall is a single layer of material, like brick or stone, with no gap, while a cavity wall is made of two separate layers with an air gap in between

3- Outer leaf, Inner leaf, Cavity gap

Ground floor construction:

-Concrete ground floor consist of the following components in order

-blinding

-Hard core

-Dpm membrane

-site concrete

-Insulation

-A floor finish

Hollow ground Floors:

-The sleeper walls are built straight on top of the oversite concrete

open design, which allows for easy and flexible installation of services like HVAC, electrical, and plumbing without the need for cutting or notching.

I-joists are generally cheaper and easier to install, but web joists (or trusses) have the advantage of superior strength and .the ability to easily run mechanical services through the open web design.

In todays lesson i have learned how foundations for floorings are made, different ways that are used to keep the structure/flooring supported.

Robust- strong and healthy timber

Stability- the quality of being firm, enduring, and not likely to change, whether physically, mentally, or in a more abstract sense.

durability-the ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.//

flat roofs are normally on a garage, balconys

couple roof normally called gable roof

hipped roofs have 4 sloped angles

lean-to roof the slope is fixed greater than 10% the trusses are spaced 400-600mm based on the architectures design

2. A mono-pitch roof is a roof that has a single sloping surface but is not fixed to another building or wall.

3. A gambrel roof is a roof that has two differently angled slopes.

4. A couple roof is often called a gable end and is one of the most common types of roof of dwelling.

5. A hipped roof has slopes on three or four sides.

6. A lean-to roof is similar to a mono-pitched roof except it is abutted to a wall.

7. Roof components are each visible part of a roof and has a specific name or purpose.

8. King post, Fink, Cantilever, Fan, Raised tie, Mono 2/1, Mono 2/2, Mono 3/2, Queen post, Howe, Double W, Bobtail/Stub end, Flat top/Hip end, Scissor, Attic, Parallel

9. Roofs are normally constructed using a member of the rafters.

10. Typically the erection of truss rafters follow a set procedure.

11. The position of each of the truss rafters is marked on the wall plate.

12. Each of the rafters is then lifted into place.

13. The first rafter is lifted into position and is secured with truss clips.

14. Wall plates are usually secured to the wall with metal restraint straps.

15. In cases where gable ladders are not used, restraint straps at both rafter and ceiling level are used to prevent movement and cracking of walls.

16. Temporary longitudinal bracing- 75 x 25mm or 100 x 25mm- can be used to stabilise the trusses while they are being erected.

2. Walking halfway on wall plate to know where the ridge is going to go.

3. The rafter will get longer as it gets longer in length.

4. Setting the cut at ridge height.

5. Always clamp down the wood for safety.

6. Skips the line for the thickness of the ridge board.

7. A third of the thickness of the rafter.

Find the centre on the wall plate and place the ridge

Rafter will get longer when putting it on a angle

Take dimension from the outside

3rd of the thickness of the rafter

b

b

d

d

b

b

c

b

c

c

a

b

b

as

2. Chevon brace, Gable wall, Diagonal wind brass, Truss, Temporary brace, Longitudial blinders.

3. Tie down straps, Wall plate, Roof truss, Ceiling joists, Blockwork, Outer brick, Rafter.

Popular trussed rafter-w/fink truss

King post truss

Fan truss

Attic or room in the roof truss

Truss clips placed 400-600 centres

Restraint straps fixed at maximum 2.0m from the store

• Building Safety Act 2022 (BSA): Establishes dutyholders, improves competence, and focuses on higher-risk buildings, impacting all parties.

• Health & Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA): General duty for safe workplaces, crucial for preventing falls (scaffolding, harnesses).

• Party Wall etc. Act 1996: May apply if shared walls are affected by work on terraced/semi-detached properties. 

Hardwood trees have broad leaves with and encased seed ad knows as deciduous

Softwood trees have needles and seeds held in cones and are known as coniferous

4 main conversions

Through and through - simplest way making planks or slabs

Tangential -the board and planks are sawn out of wood tangentially to annual rings .

Quarter sawn - each quarter is then cut separately by tipping it up on its point and sawing boards successfully along the axis.

Boxed heart - when the heart of the tree is rotten or badly shaken the heart may be boxed in to keep the defect within the section produces short planks

Knot is where a branch has formed

Defects can be caused by insects,fungi,conversion and seasoning

Fungal defects - blue stain,dry rot,wet rot

Common furniture beetle

Wood boring beetle

Death watch beetle

House longhorn beetle

2. We use CLS timber instead.

3. Timber is classified as either hardwood or softwood, Hardwood trees have broad leaves with an encased seed and known deciduous, Softwood trees have needles and seeds held in cones and known as coniferous.

4. The four methods of conversion are Through and through, Tangential, Quarter sawn and Boxed heart.

5. Timber conversion-The simplest way of converting a log is by using a method called through and through.

6. Quarter sawn-The way a log is quarter sawn is by cutting it into four pieces.

7. Box heart-The way boxed heart is cut is by cutting it thinly three times but leaving the heart in the middle.

8. Tangential-The way tangential is cut is by cutting the annual rings.

9. Natural structure defects-These are defects that occur within a growing tree, and can influence the strength and appearance of the surface of the timber.

10. Natural structure defects-Thunder shake causes the timber to split across the grain.

11. Other defects-Insects, Fungi, Conversion and Seasoning.

12. Common furniture beetle, Wood boring weevil, House longhorn beetle and Death watch beetle.

13. Defects if not seasoned properly-Twist, Cupping, Bow, Case hardening and Splits.

wet rot is caused by a high moisture content in the wood between 30 and 60%

dry rot is caused by a moisture content around 20% because of busted pipes or leaks

Dry rot

Blue stain

Wet rot

Defect

Split twisting bowing cupping crood knot holes wanie thunder shake.

Death watch beetle

Wood boring

Long horn

wet rot

blue stain

when its wet rot the timber has 70% moisture

twist/thunder shakes

through and through

quarter sawn

cupping

death beatle

knots

twists

a company that can sell shares to the general public on a stock exchange, raising capital, with shareholders having limited liability, and it must have at least two directors, £50,000 minimum share capital, and a qualified company secretary, requiring more stringent regulations and reporting than private companies, ending its name with "PLC"

Plum Flush

Level and square

10mm housing joint

Rebating door lining

Square housing

housing joint

rebated door lining

u need a lat and temporary bracings at the bottom and at

the top of the lining

profits under £50,000 pay the 19% small profits rate, while profits over £250,000 pay the main 25% rate, with profits in between (£50k-£250k) receiving Marginal Relief for a gradual rate increase

door lining

the first step of building a door lining is to measure the door and see how much wood is needed

second cut out a through housing 10 millimetres from the edge and cut the other length to fit and do the same with the other side and screw it together

third make sure the legs of the door lining are square and add the temporary bracing

-quarter sawn

-box heart

-Tangental

Beatles

-Death watch

-wood boring

-house long horn

-long horn beatles

Defects

-Twist, thunder shakes

-knot hole

-Bend bowing cupping

LTD company vs PLC company

A Public Limited Company (PLC) is a type of limited liability company in the UK, Ireland, and various Commonwealth jurisdictions that can offer shares to the general public and list on a stock exchange. PLCs require a minimum of £50,000 in share capital, at least two directors, and a qualified company secretary, providing higher capital-raising potential but necessitating stricter regulatory compliance. 

An Ltd (Limited) company is a business structure that's a separate legal entity from its owners, offering limited liability, meaning personal assets are protected from business debts, and requiring formal registration, accounts filing, and compliance with regulations like GOV.UK. Key features include its own legal identity, ability to own assets and incur debt, and potential tax advantages, but directors must meet strict responsibilities for records and returns.

Door lining usually differ around the types of wood you can use for it.

housing joint used on door linings

-Rebating door lining

-braces help hold lining and stud wall in place.

-weather tight helps prevent water and moisture from negative weather get through

-door lining legs rest directly onto timber floors.

Type of window/door frames and linings

Softwood linings in domestic buildings are generally fixed by nailing. The nails are generally 60-75 mm in length.

The type of nail used are:

-cut clasp nails for nailing directly into block work

-Oval nail for nailing directly into studwork or timber slips or plugs

Types of window/door frames and linings

-Decide which leg of the lining to ix first

-plum edge of leg with level

-plumb face of leg using a straightedge and level

the wood can also twist if its dride out to much

knott wholes this is where the tree has had a branch

dry wrot this is where the timber has been dride to much or to harshly

wet wrot this is where the middle of the timber has a higher water percentge than the outside

split this is where the timber splits during drying

Going limited does not automatically raise your personal tax thresholds, but it changes how you are taxed, often offering higher overall tax efficiency compared to being a sole trader. You pay 19%–25% Corporation Tax on profits instead of income tax, and can take a mix of low salary and dividends, which can reduce your personal tax bill. 

VAT Threshold: Becoming a limited company resets your VAT registration threshold, allowing a fresh start if your previous sole trader turnover was approaching the limit.

for a door frame you start with a housing

VAT Threshold: Becoming a limited company resets your VAT registration threshold, allowing a fresh start if your previous sole trader turnover was approaching the limit.

joint to connect the 3 pices of timber then you fit the pices together and fit lats/ braces to hold it together until you fit it into the door space the door lining cannot rest directly onto concrete and there must be a gab between the doorlineing and the concrete floor to avoid damping. domestic buildings softy wood lineings a generally fitted by 60-70mm in length

when the building is wether tight all the internal first fix stage can start which is the internal capantry work

four most popular windows are the traditional casement windows storm proof windows box frame sliding widows bay windows. A casement window is a type of window hinged at the side (or top) that opens outward or inward like a door, often operated by a hand crank, lever, or cam handle. Storm-proof windows, also called lipped casements, are designed for superior weather resistance with a sash that overlaps the frame, creating a tighter seal against wind and rain. Sliding windows, including aluminum (often Cortizo 4700 or similar) and uPVC (such as Advance 70) options, are modern, space-saving windows that open by sliding horizontally along a track. A bay window is a window that projects outward from the main wall of a building, creating a nook or alcove inside the room,

Windows are generally designed to allow natural daylight and air into a room

The four most common are:

-Traditional casement window-side-hinged window units, often made of timber, that open outwards like a door, providing excellent ventilation and a classic look, commonly featuring glazing bars for period styles and modern performance.

-storm proof window- feature a sash that overlaps the frame to create an enhanced seal against wind, rain, and cold.

-box frame sliding sash window- a traditional window style, often in period homes, featuring two vertically sliding panels (sashes) within a deep, "boxy" frame that hides counterweights and pulleys, allowing smooth, balanced opening and closing, distinct from modern spring-loaded versions

-bay window- a structural, multi-pane window assembly that projects outward from a building's main walls to create an interior nook or ledge, typically featuring a large central picture window flanked by smaller, angled, or straight side windows

Box frame sash window-a type of window with two sliding sashes that move vertically.

windows- components

Window components include the main Frame (head, jambs, sill), the movable Sash holding the glass (panes, rails, stiles), and various functional/decorative elements like Locks, Grilles, Casing, Mullions, and Hardware (handles, hinges, balances)

2. Defects-Twist, Thunder shakes, Wave, Cupping and Knot holes.

3. Dry rot, Blue stain and Wet rot, Case hardening, Crook and Split.

4. Corporation tax and VAT threshold.

5. Door lining-Plumb, Wining, Square, Speed square, 3 mil between the space and the door, 10 mil for the carpet space, Bracing, Housing joint, Rebating door lining and Support braced.

6. When a building is weather tight, all the internal carpentry work can be carried out before plastering begins.

7. This stage is known as the 'first fix' stage, the fixing of internal linings is carried out at this stage.

8. Door lining legs rest directly onto timber floors.

9. Door lining legs do not rest directly onto concrete floors, a gap is left to allow for the final stand and cement floor screed to be laid.

10. Rebated door lining and square housing.

11. Softwood linings in domestic buildings are generally fixed by nailing, the nails are generally 60-75 mm in length.

12. Cut clasp nails for nailing directly into block work and oval nails for nailing directly into studwork or timber slips or plugs.

13. Typical assembled door lining with braces.

14. Decide which leg of the lining to fix first, Plumb edge of leg with level, Plumb face of leg using a straightedge and level, Position folding wedges 150mm down from top of the frame and nail wedges through lining to prevent movement, leave head of nail protruding.

15. The four most common window designs are-Traditional casement window, Storm proof window, Box frame sliding slash window and Bay window.

16. Top rail, Box frame, Sash cord, Weight pocket, Parting bead, Staff bead, Meeting bars, Stile and apron.

17.

2. The pitch lines runs at the nose of the tread and runs at the top of every step going up the stairs.

3. The max width before a flight of stairs needs 2 handrails is between 900 and 1100.

4. The minimum rise of a private dwelling is 900.

5. The minimum going for each rise is 220 mm and the maximum is 300 mm.

6. Stairs- Going, Rise, Pitch line, Stringer, Newell pest, Trimmer, Landing, Spindles and Building regulations K.

Trim rise stringer tread landing handrails nosing spindals newell post pitch line overall height balustrade spandrel going

Spindals 100mm apart

Part k building regulations -sets legal safety standards for protection from falling,collision and impact within and around buildings

Minimum hight From a pitchline to a celling- 6ft

Height of a handrail-900–1100

Minimum height for a rise-150 mm

The bottom tread is called a bullnose tread

Rise. 2m goin of 180

Balustrade- A safety barrier system, typically found on staircases, balconies, and terraces, designed to prevent falls while providing aesthetic appeal.

Newell post- The main, vertical structural support at the top, bottom, or turns of a staircase balustrade

Going- The horizontal distance from the face of one riser to the next, representing the usable depth of the tread excluding any nosing overlap

Tread- The horizontal, walkable surface of a step in a staircase, usually constructed from wood, metal, or stone

Trimmer- A timber or metal joist used to create an opening around a stairwell, skylight, chimney, and the like

Rise- The vertical distance between one step's tread and the next, forming the "riser" of a staircase

Stringer- The structural, diagonal supports on either side of a staircase that hold the treads and risers in place

Landing- Level platforms placed at the top, bottom, or partway up a staircase to provide a resting point

Pitch line- The angle of the staircase, measured as a straight line from the end of each nosing

Handrail- A long bar, usually wood or metal, fixed near stairs, ramps, or elevated areas that people grasp for support and balance

Nosing- The projecting front edge of a stair tread

Spindles- Balusters

the minimum headroom height from the pitch line to the ceiling is 2 meters

For UK domestic stairs, the minimum rise (height of each step) is generally 150mm (approx. 6 inches), with a maximum of 220mm, ensuring consistency across the flight for safety.

In the UK, the minimum going (horizontal tread depth) for a private, domestic staircase is typically 220mm. This applies to straight stairs, with stricter regulations for tapered treads.

the maximum distance between spindles is 100mm

A bottom step, often designed as a feature, enhances a staircase by improving safety, comfort, and aesthetics. Common designs include bullnose steps (with rounded corners) or D-end steps,

2. Riser- The vertical part of a step.

3. Tread- The horizontal part of a step.

4. Pitch line- The line connecting the nosing's of all treads.

5. The cap onto the noole place is called a nule cap.

6. Rise- The height of a step.

7. Going- The size of one step.

8. Step- One step and one riser.

9. Newel- Vertical member at each end of a stair to which the handrail is fixed.

10. Stair well- Opening forward in the floor layout to accommodate a stair.

11. Bull nose step- Quarter-rounded step at the bottom of a stair.

handles (levers, knobs, pulls), hinges, locks, latches, and accessories like letter plates and knockers

Interior Door types- hatch,flush bi fold door

Exterior door types-french ,sliding ,pivot metal. Manifuact door

Internal doors

Frames flush fire resisting

Flush door- ply board on each side

Fd30-30mins

Fd60-60mins

Fd90-90mins

Fd120-120mins

Tools for hanging door- drill chisel level saw speed square

2.Attach to the wall and place the lazar level on the datum line but make sure the bubble is in the centre of the bubble.

3.Hold gauges together and place one gauge on the datum point where the water line is placed.

4.Draw a line underneath the spirit level and remove spirit level and check again.

wet rot

dry rot

blue stain

wet rot shrinkage of timber caused by condensation u can see if u have wet rot if timber goes dark and spongy a damp and musty smell

dry rot is the most serious form of fungal decay it attacks timber in building and can make the building have structural issues

poor ventilation

condensation

leaking pipes/roofs

penetrating damp

signs of dry rot can include fie & fluffy white mycelium spreading across the wood

red dust from spreading spores dry rot identification should be treated by professionals how to dispose affected wood take it to the wasteland and seal the bag with it inside

Remove 1m from infected area

skip burn local waste site.

-dry rot- most dangerous form, spreads across masonry to attack timber. shrinkage of timber. Signs of dry rote can include white fluffy patches. Dry rot is often caused by the following; condensation, plumbing leaks, leaky or blocked gutters, penetrating damp, leaking or defecting roof, leaking pipework. Dry rot identification and treatment should be left to the proffesionals

-wet rot- common causes of wet rot is caused by condensation, plumbing leaks, leaky or blocked gutters, penetrating damp.

-soft rot

-insect attack

anti fungi is a treatment for wet and dry rot.

remove affected timber in a systematic approach to identify the moisture source, remove compromised wood, sterilize the area, and replace timber with treated materials. take it to a local council tip in a bag ( make sure its taped up securely) and let the council know what it is.

2. Dry rot is serious and is more difficult to eradicate and is caused by timber having a moisture content of above 20% and bad or no ventilation.

3. Wet rot is very dark or damp and you should prod it with a sharp implement for example a screwdriver and often wet fungus is largely black and typically localised.

4. Fungi is when the fruiting body is fully ripe it starts to discharge millions of spores that attack more vulnerable timber.

5. Control measures-Locate and rectify the source of dampness, replace timbers according to building regulations, thoroughly clean down all exposed areas, treat all timbers with preservative and treat all other surrounding areas with a suitable fungicide.

6. Insect attack is most of the damage done to timber in the UK is caused by 5 species of insect or woodworm these are the furniture beetle, death watch beetle, powder post beetle, house longhorn beetle and weevil.

7. Coal tar oils-Derived from coal and are dark brown in colour and it should only be used externally.

8. All timber contains food on which fungi and insects live, the idea behind timber preservation is to poison the food by applying a toxic liquid to the timber and there are 3 types of timber preservative.

Materials used are MDF plaster boards

ply wood as it can get wet and wont get as damaged as plasterboards.

quite strong

using plasterboards:

to make it strong and sterdy you put a piece of timber behind the plasterboard.

not as strong as plywood but cheaper and quicker to build

Create the cabinet

Apply a bracing to the back of the cabinet assure the bracing it level

Fix the bracing to the wall making sure its flush and plumb using a spirit level

how to install a wall cabinet to construct a wall cabinet you need get the markings u need to install then use your laser level set it up at a point to ensure ur line is all the way around and once constructed at the very end u need to use a spirit level

2. Fungal defects include blue stain, dry rot and wet rot.

3. Dry rot is serious and is more difficult to eradicate.

4. Fungi spread through and over the surface of the timber forming a mat of cotton wool like threads.

5. Spores will even spread through and over brickwork causing structural damage if left untreated.

6. When the fruiting body is fully ripe it starts to discharge millions of spores that attack more venerable timber.

7. Locate and rectify the source of the dampness and cut out and remove all decayed timbers with a minimum margin of 1m beyond last evidence of fungal decay.

8. Typical tell tale signs that wet rot problem include the following leaking water, largely black and easily cracked and crumbles.

9. The critical element however is making sure that all the affected areas and treated or wet rot problem will return.

10. Most of the damage is caused by these types of 5 insects furniture beetle, death watch beetle, powder post beetle, house longhorn beetle and weevil.

11. Woodworm refers to the larvae of all wood boring beetles.

12. The woodworm life cycle is breeding, hatching, feeding and transforming.

13. To check to make sure an insect infestation has been eradicated after timber treatment you should check for new flight holes.

14. All timber contains food on which fungi and insects live.

15. Coal tar oils- derived from coal and are dark brown in colour and it should be only used externally.

16. Soluble preservatives are toxic chemicals, mixed wit water and are odourless.

17. Solvent preservatives are toxic chemicals mixed with solvent spirits, they are flammable and some have a strong odour.

18. Methods of applying preservatives are brush application and only a surface coating is achieved.

19. Dripping or immersing the timber in a tank of preservatives.

20. Pressure treatment is the most effective form of timber preservation as all the timber is coated.