AP Psych Unit 8 Personality by Diego Zuniga https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940 en-us 2018-02-12 19:39:55 UTC 2018-02-27 04:56:59 UTC hello@padlet.com Class Notes 2/12/14 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230794537
  • Personality- Characteristics that are similar about you, how you are the same person
    • Personality expressed through Typical behavior patterns that are tied together- organized into a pattern of behavior
    • Behaviors are compiled of roles 
    • This is also called your Persona 
  • Self Concept or Inner Self-
    • Pictures you carry around in your head about yourself 
  • Social Self- 
    • How others perceive you 
  • Congruent or incongruent? 
    • Are you who people think you are?
  • Where does personality come from?
    • Self Concept: 
      • Body Self- Physical Traits and abilities 
      • Social Self- How others see you 
      • Self- Fulfilling Prophecy- you believe something which then causes it to happen
      • Private Self- Your inner world, feelings and attitudes you don't share w others
  • Dr. Sigmund Freud 
    • Austrian Neurologist 
    • Founder of psychoanalysis 
      • Free association
        • Saying words and you say first thing to come to mind which shows the problem 
      • Transference 
        • How your anger moves from one person to the other 
      • Oedipus Complex 
        • How little kids love their other gendered parents which leads them to eventually chose mates like them
      • Dream analysis 
      • Structral model of psyche
        • Id-basic needs
        • Ego- your morality
        • Superego- ideas of how to be good 
  • Dr. Alfred Adler 
    • Austrian 
    • Stressed need to understand individuals within social context 
    • Founder of Humanism 
    • Believed problems stem from tensions in childhood social situations - "inferiority complex"
  • How to test personalities 
    • 2 types objective and projective (no right or wrong answers)
    • Objective Personality Test: From outside sources 
      • Interview 
      • Observation
      • Self Interview
        • T/F MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
        • Agreement Scale (likert scale)
        • Adjective checklist (thompson inv. 
        • Aspect Rating (1-10)
  • Barnum Effect 
    • A way to make a test so that its broad enough to apply to everyone
  • 5 Parts of Personality:
    • Openness 
    • Neuroticism
    • Agreeableness 
    • Extraversion
    • Conscientiousness 
  • Are Personality tests good?
    • Reliable and Valid?
    • Validity refers to a test's ability to measure what it is supposed to measure
    • Also extent to which inferences, conclusions and decisions made on the basis of test scores are appropriate and meaningful 
    • Test reliability refers to the degree to which a test is consistent and stable in measuring 
    • ]]>     2018-02-12 19:40:42 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230794537     Module 55 Notes 55-1 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230854113 55-1: How did Sigmund Freud's treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind?
    • Psychoanalytic Theory's Core Ideas
      • Freud is quite popular as some of his old ideas are seen today all around but what did he teach?
      • Freud was of his times as there was discovery and advancement but also sexual repression and male dominance also had gender roles clearly defined and only normal sexuality 
      • Even before college, Freud was obviously brilliant and independent as he loved reading and would spend most of his time doing so 
      • After med school, he set up a practice to look at nervous disorders, but some didn't make sense like a numb hand w no neural damage so there had to be another way this had happened
      • He said that neurological disorders were from psychological causes like you lost feeling in one hand out of fear of touching your genitals 
      • He started w hypnosis which didn't really work and them moved to free association where he would say words to a patient and tell them to say whatever came to mind 
      • Freud thought that problems in the unconscious were from before and could be retrieved and released, creating his theory of personality and treatment, psychoanalysis 
      • Freud thought that a big part of the mind was hidden in the unconscious and that we repressed this, but it would influence us a lot 
      • Unconscious to Freud was the group of thought that could not be shared because they would be too disturbing 
      • Freud thought nothing was accidental as he saw slips as indicative of he unconscious and also dreams and jokes 
    ]]>     2018-02-12 22:24:18 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230854113     Module 55 Notes 55-2 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230856171 55-2: What was Freud's view of personality?
    • Personality Structure
      • Freud thought that personality was the balance between the wants and restraints of life and made the system of id, ego and superego to explain 
      • The id is the unconscious want to satisfy basic drives and follow pleasure to get it immediately 
      • The ego operates on the reality principle and how to gratify the id in ways that are ok 
      • Superego, which is the ideal, and how we should act as it wants perfection and can bring pride or guilt 
      • The ego is the mediator between the two and makes decisions based on what both sides say or want to do 
    ]]>     2018-02-12 22:36:16 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230856171     Module 55 Notes 55-3 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230857346 55-3: What developmental stages did Freud propose?
    • Personality Development 
      • Freud thought that personality started early in life w psychosexual stages where the id focuses on sensitive areas called erogenous zones 
      • Each phase comes w different zones and challenges
      • Oral 0-18 months- Pleasure centers on the mouth, sucking, biting, chewing 
      • Anal 18-36 months- Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping w demands for control 
      • Phallic 3-6 years- Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping w incestuous sexual feelings 
      • Latency 6 to puberty- dormant sexual feelings 
      • Genital puberty on- Maturation of sexual interests 
      • Freud thought that boys had Oedipus Complex and thought dad as rival while they liked mom sexually and same for girls in the electra complex 
      • Children cope w this by eventually going through identification where they try to be like the same sex parent and helps make the superego and gender identity which shows importance of early relationships w care givers and parents at the time
      • If unresolved at a stage, Freud thought that one would become fixated on the stage as if fixated orally, they might want to ea or smoke more or repress it w exaggerated denial of this 
      • Freud's ideas of sexuality were quite controversial for the time and even today are disputed but are a part of what we teach in Western Ideas
    ]]>     2018-02-12 22:42:20 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230857346     Module 55 Notes 55-4 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230861090 55-4: How did Freud think people defend themselves against anxiety?
    • Being social, we must control id and superego, but sometimes we're scared of losing control which leads to anxiety
    • Freud said that the ego protects itself w defense mechanisms that stop anxiety by distorting reality and are indirect ad unconscious
    • One example is repression which stops anxiety arousing ideas in the consciousness but isn't complete and might be seen in slips 
    • Others are:
      • Regression: Going back to an infantile pyschosexual stage where there is a fixation
      • Reaction Formation: Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites 
      • Projection: Disguising one's own bad impulses as someone else's 
      • Rationalization: Self justifying behaviors in place of a bad unconscious explanation
      • Displacement: Shifting bad impulses to a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
      • Sublimation: Moving bad impulses into socially valued motives 
      • Denial: Not believing or perceiving painful realities 
    ]]>     2018-02-12 23:01:43 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230861090     Module 55 Notes 55-5 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230862242 55-5: How do contemporary psychologists view Freud's psychoanalysis?Evaluating Freud's Psychoanalytic Perspective
    • Modern Research Contradicts Many of Freud's Ideas
      • Comparing what Freud did back then to now isn't really far as the game is so different 
      • Freud is disproved by: life long development, immaturity of infant neural networks, too much parental and not enough peer influence, not much oedipus complex, gender comes earlier and isn't dependent on parents, and sexuality is from how his ideas weren't that reliable 
      • There are also other reasons why we dream what we dream and slips can be just based off similar sounds and also suppressed sexuality doesn't really make sense as inhibition is way down compared to his time 
      • Also, his tests were not really scientific as he just looked at his own recollections and interpretations of cases he saw 
      • Biggest problem is that it cannot be used to predict how someone will feel or be after something before it happens 
      • But supporters of Freud say this was not what he intended as he just said that by looking back, he could find meaning in their client's state of mind 
      • But also Freud showed how our impulses could affect us and that there is tension between biological impulses and social well being 
    • Modern Research Challenges the Idea of Repression
      • Repression was seen to banish bad wishes but they could be brought back through hypnosis and was used to explain lost memories
      • This could happen, researchers say, but in most cases, people still remember the awful thing that happened to them 
      • But extreme and prolonged stress could cause this as well or even bring unwanted flash backs at times
    ]]>     2018-02-12 23:09:48 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230862242     Module 56 Notes 56-2 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230864601 56-2: What are projective tests, how are they used, and what are some criticisms of them?
    • Personality tests might be helpful to study personality but can be different for each theory how are those for psychodynamic theory?
    • First, these tests need to go deep to ensure full psychodynamic but usual tests don't really work
    • Projective tests are when you are asked to describe something such as in Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) where the person views a picture and from there makes a story about it which then leads to being able to see inner feelings or conflict 
    • The most widely used is the Rorshach inkblot test where the subject is shown an inkblot and asked to describe what they see but might not be a reasonable assumption to make 
    • There is difference in what people think of it but usually they say it must be used in the right way 
    • But critics say it is invalid as it might not test what its meant to test and isn't consistent which shows it might not really be good
    ]]>     2018-02-12 23:25:34 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/230864601     Class Notes 2/13/18 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/231261375
  • Freud 1856-1939
    • Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory
    • Mind(Psyche)+Energy(Dynamic)=Personality
    • Unconscious (really important)
    • Studied all men
    • Very Sexist
    • Obsessed w sex and aggression 
    • Detailed dream analysis/wrote many books 
    • Blamed mom for everything
    • Explaining behavior over predicting behavior
    • Ego and superego conscious 
    • id, superego, and id all unconscious 
    • Id:
      • Present at birth
      • Completely unconsious
      • Pleasure principle 
        • All needs should be satisfied immediately 
      • Most basic form of humanity
      • Unsatisfied needs= anxiety
      • Wish Fulfillment 
        • Forming a mental image of a situation that satisfies the instinct 
        • Called dreams 
    • Ego:
      • Controls thinking and reasoning 
      • Operates in conscious and pre conscious 
      • Reality Principle
        • Safely and successfully meet needs of ID 
      • If only id and ego
        • Unsocial, selfish person
    • Superego: 
      • Moral watchdog 
      • Not present at birth
      • Compares ego's actions w "ego ideal"
      • Ego Ideal:
        • Standard of excellence for ego to get to 
  • Psychosexual Stages of Development
    • Oral Stage 0-1.5 years old 
      • Pleasure center in mouth
      • Fixations: 
        • Oral Fixations
        • Dependency
    • Anal Stage 1.5-3.5 years old 
      • Pleasure Center in the Anus and elimination 
      • Fixations:
        • Anal Retentive- Need everything needs to be organized 
        • Anal Expulsive- Messy person in general 
    • Phallic 3.5-6 years old 
      • Pleasure center in genitals 
      • Jealousy of same sex parent 
      • Fixations:
        • Oedipus Complex- replace father and marry mother 
        • Electra Complex (K. Horney) Replace mother and marry father 
        • Penis Envy- Women's desire to possess same organ as men 
        • Cinderella Complex- fear of independence and want to be cared for by opposite sex
        • Peter Pan Complex- Desire to remain young forever 
    • Latency Period (6-12)
      • Lose interest in opposite sex 
      • "Cootie Period"
    • Genital Stage (puberty and after)
      • Full adult sexuality 
      • Must work on fixations
      • Unresolved problems surface
    • ]]>     2018-02-13 19:49:59 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/231261375     Module 57 Notes 57-1 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/231719407 57-1: How did humanistic psychologists view personality, and what was their goal in studying personality?
    • In response to Freud and behaviorism, humanistic theorists focused on ways people strive for self determination and self-realization reported by themselves
    • Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers offered a third choice w humanism that rested on human potential and what we could do
    • Abraham Maslow's Self-Actualizing Person
      • Maslow said we started w physiological needs, then safety, then love, then self esteem and lastly self actualization where we know our full potential and get self transcendence (meaning, purpose and communion beyond the self
      • Maslow tried to study healthy creative people who were productive w their lives to see how they did it and found that:
        • They were self aware and self accepting
        • Open and spontaneous
        • Loving and caring
        • Not paralyzed by the opinions of others
        • Had a secure identity
        • Problem centered interests 
        • Focused energies on life's mission
        • Had few deep relationships instead of many superficial ones 
        • Had been moved by peak experiences that surpassed ordinary consciousness
      • These were adult mature qualities that were from those who knew a lot about life and those that were likely to get there were already close 
    • Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Perspective 
      • Car Rogers agreed much w Maslow that people were basically good and wanted to self actualize and could if environment was good w:
        • Genuineness: When people are open w their own feelings, drop facades, and are transparent and self disclosing 
        • Acceptance: When people offer unconditional positive regard, where we can tell them anything and they'll still be w us and like us
        • Empathy: When people share and mirror the feelings of other and reflect meanings 
      • With this, people can reach self actualization as acceptance allows us to be more caring about ourselves and empathy lets us see ourselves better
      • Maslow and Rogers thought that personality was based on self concept and how we think about ourselves as positive would make us happy and negative would make us sad
      • Thus, therapists, parents, teachers, and friends try to help others know, accept, and be true to themselves to feel happy
    ]]>     2018-02-14 21:01:53 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/231719407     Module 57 Notes 57-2 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/231723790 57-2: How did humanistic psychologists assess a person's sense of self?
    • Assessing the Self
      • Humanistic psychologists test sense of self with questionnaire asking how someone would describe themselves and ideal self and if close then positive and this would be tracked to see improvement over time
      • Some believe this is actually bad though as it might depersonalize someone by putting them into categories so a interview or intimate convo are better
    ]]>     2018-02-14 21:16:46 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/231723790     Module 57 Notes 57-3 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/231724944 57-3: How have humanistic theories influenced psychology? What criticisms have they faced?
    • Evaluating Humanistic Theories
      • The humanistic psychologists were also not too accepted at first but now are in counseling, edu, child raising and management 
      • It has influenced a lot though as many believe that good self esteem is a crucial part to be successful 
      • Critics said though that these ideas were subjective and not too scientific and could change based on the person 
      • They also objected to how the humanistic theory so based on individualism could be bad as it could destroy morals that are needed for success
      • These psychologists reply by saying that secure nondefensive self acceptance is actually the start to loving others as it helps you accept yourself and then others more 
      • There is also the idea that there is also evil in humans that humanism doesn't take into account which doesn't help validity at all
    ]]>     2018-02-14 21:20:43 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/231724944     Class Notes 2/15/18 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232120373
  • Defense Mechanisms: 
    • Repression: Forgetting situations that would cause painful emotions
    • Denial: Rejection (refusing to acknowledge) an intolerable reality
    • Rationalization: Substituting a more acceptable but false reason for one's behavior (the teacher hates me, that is why I failed)
    • Reaction Formation: Modifying an anxiety-causing impulse by performing in ways opposite to one's true feelings 
    • Projection: Seeing one's personality traits, attitudes, or faults in others but not in oneself 
    • Regression: Retreating to an earlier development level involving less mature responses
    • Undoing: Atoning for and thus counteracting desire or acts that are regrettable (apologizing)
    • Sublimination: Re-changing unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities 
    • Displacement: Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person 
    • Compensation: Covering up weaknesses or frustrations by over gratifying oneself in another area
    • Fantasy: Gratifying frustrated desire in imaginary achievements (day dreaming)
    • Identification: Increasing one's feeling of self worth by identifying oneself w people or places of importance 
    • Intellectualization: People use extensive vocabulary to explain relatively simple terms 
    • ]]>     2018-02-15 19:48:19 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232120373     Module 58 Notes 58-1 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232220977 58-1: How do psychologists us traits to describe personality?
    • Some psychologists want to describe personality not explain, like Gordon Allport after interviewing Freud, saying that personality is made up of fundamental traits 
    • Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother Katharine Briggs did the same with their Myers-Briggs Type Indicator which shows whether you are feeling or thinking type based on questions and shows what strengths you have 
    • Though it does seem to work with people, initially it was used to see job performance and got popular though this was not the purpose of it 
    • Exploring Traits 
      • Classifying people into two groups doesn't really show individuality but when put into trait dimensions, this can be seen quite accurately
      • What words would be on a trait dimensions and what would describe personality?
      • Factor Analysis:
        • One way is with factor analysis where you identify clusters of test items that correlate with a certain feature
        • Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck did this w two factors extraversion and intraversion and emotional stability and instability 
        • This test then was able to show the person's personalities in these terms and was believed to be based off genetics which is supported
      • Biology and Personality:
        • Brain scans show that extroverts have lower brain arousal than introverts, inhibit behaviors less and have more dopamine and dopamine related activity 
        • Biology influences this as seen w the autonomic nervous system reactivity which could lead us to be anxious and inhibit or not 
        • There are also personalities in animals as well that can be judged and even bred for over all 
    ]]>     2018-02-16 03:47:50 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232220977     Module 58 Notes 58-2 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232221835 58-2: What are personality inventories, and what are their strengths and weaknesses as trait assessment tools?
    • Assessing Traits
      • Some tests test only one trait while personality inventories are longer and test many traits at once
      • One classic personality inventory is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory that assesses abnormal personality tendencies 
      • It is also empirically derived as it is based on large pool of items and differences between diagnostic groups 
      • They did this by analyzing normal and psychologically disordered people and saw how they differed but can be spoofed 
      • There is a new version MMPI 2 where it also gets work attitudes, family problems and anger
      • This test is quite objective instead of subjective which gives it popularity and is even sort of lie proof as it takes into account answers that are likely false 
    ]]>     2018-02-16 03:55:52 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232221835     Module 58 Notes 58-3 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232222662 58-3: Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?
    • Some didn't really think that Eysencks' had enough qualities so the Big Five came around and is the most popular personality test around now 
    • It looks at Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion
    • This test shows how stable most qualities are in adult hood but there are some changes as emotional instability, extraversion and openness go down while agreeableness and conscientiousness go up 
    • Conscientiousness goes up in twenties while agreeableness goes up in people's thirties and goes till sixties 
    • Heritability has also been seen from this as it says that it each factor is about 50 percent and genetic influence is the same in different nations also it seems that genes have small effects that influence traits w brain areas associated w parts of the test
    • This test also predicts behaviors as well since people usually don't lie about these things and studies prove it and all in all this test has shown that traits matter
    ]]>     2018-02-16 04:04:21 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232222662     Module 58 Notes 58-4 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232223604 58-4: Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?
    • Are personalities stable and enduring or does it depend on who we are around and where we are?
    • The Person-Situation Controversy
      • Both are true, but which is more important in the end?
      • To explore this controversy we have to look for real personality traits that are seen over time and across situations 
      • There is a lot change in childhood, but in adulthood, personality seems to stabilize and not change as much as it used to
      • Most psychologists go with the assumption that personality is constant and can be predictors or mortality, divorce and occupational attainment
      • Specific behaviors can be quite different thought as seen with college students getting to class on time, but not turning in stuff on time
      • This inconsistency shows how that we cannot really predict behaviors well at all and makes personality tests seem less valid 
      • The average of these aspects of personality is quite predictable though as it is seen usually by our friends around us especially in:
        • Music preferences: These tell much about personality and are even talked about when meeting someone 
        • Bedrooms and offices: These show a lot as we leave our identities and behavioral residue around it and can predict our personalities 
        • Personal websites and profiles do the same thing to show who someone is 
        • Even on electronic messages, we seem different as well 
      • Informal situations are the best to see personality because of how we are not repressing our personality traits like in formal situations 
      • People are naturally expressive and inhibitive as studies show that the other cannot do as well as the one can 
      • Differences matter but we can also differ w ourselves over time which could lead to confusion, but the average shows who we are and personality
    ]]>     2018-02-16 04:13:28 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/232223604     Class Notes 2/20/18 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/233480713
  • Displacement: You're angry but you direct your anger and doing something socially unacceptable based off it 
  • Sublimation: You're angry but you direct your anger by doing something socially acceptable 
  • How to test Personalities:
    • Objective Tests: From outside- paper tests- standardized
      • Interview
      • Observation
      • Self Interview- 
        • T/F MMPI, 
        • Agreeement Scale
        • Aspect ratio (1-10) 
      • Strengths?
        • Easy
        • Fast
        • Consistent Scoring
      • Weaknesses 
        • Superficial 
        • You can figure the tests out 
    • Projective Personality Test: From inside- Personal
      • Word Association Test
        • Stimulus Words
        • Can Explain response 
      • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
        • Uses Pictures 
        • Imagination
        • Henry Murray
      • Rorshach Test
        • Inkblots 
        • What do you see?
        • Hermann Rorshach
      • Strengths?
        • More individualized and in depth 
      • Weaknesses?
        • Test conditions can influence results, very subjective)
    • ]]>     2018-02-20 19:40:10 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/233480713     Class Notes 2/21/18 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/233950322
  • Carl Jung
    • Swiss Psychiatrist 
    • Ego-Conscious self 
    • Personal Unconscious 
      • Repressed thoughts and feelings 
    • Collective Unconscious 
      • Common collection of images from all human experiences which includes archetypes 
      • Archetypes- Models of people, behaviors or personalities are unlearned and function to organize how we experience things
        • Self unification of conscious and unconscious 
        • Shadow sex and life instincts 
        • Anima female image in male psyche Animus- male image in female psyche
        • Persona- psychological mask  
    • Personality Test 
    • Studied under Freud but said Freud was too into sex 
  • Karen Horney
    • Gave women a voice, tried to discredit Freud's opinion that women had weaker superegos and penis envy
    • Basic Anxiety: feelings of insecurity resulting from feelings of lonliness and isolation in childhood
    • Coping with anxiety:
      • Compliant (submit to others)
      • Agressive (hostile to others)
      • Detached (withdraw from others)
    • Disagreed with Penis Envy and made womb envy
  • Alfred Adler 
    • Believed problems stem from tensions in childhood social situations- Childhood feelings of inferiority 
    • We try to overcome feelings of inferiority 
      • Pros: Leads to trying harder
      • Cons: Overcompensation
      • Inferiority Complex (I'm not as good as...)
    • Later founded humanism 
    • Had ideas about birth order and how they impact them 
    • ]]>     2018-02-21 19:34:15 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/233950322     Module 59 Notes 59-1 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234038381 59-1: Who first proposed the social-cognitive perspective, and how do social-cognitive theorists view personality development?
    • Social Cognitive Theories
      • Social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interaction of traits with individuals like nature and nurture. 
      • Those who take the behavioral approach might go more with the effects of learning and how people are conditioned to be who they are 
      • Social-cognitive psychologists wonder how us and the environment interact 
      • Reciprocal Influences
        • Bandura said that person-environment interaction was reciprocal determinism which is when past behavior, internal factors, and environmental factors all lead to the behavior to happen
        • Different people choose different environments based on their dispositions which then shapes them 
        • Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events like anxious people who perceive the world as threatening while others might not 
        • Our personalities help create situations to which we react as how we expect things to happen, usually happens when it comes to personality and affects our relationships 
        • Therefore, we are both products and makers of our environments 
        • This is the same throughout the book as behavior is from the interplay of external and internal influences 
      • Optimism vs. Pessimism 
        • How much control we think we have (optimist or pessimist) can help us be the best we can be to succeed 
        • This also helps in relationships as optimists expect good and get it back which is good in the end for everyone involved 
        • Excessive Optimism:
          • Being positive is good, but needs to be balanced as we need enough hope to do it but not too much to become complacent 
          • Being too optimistic can blind us to risks as we think we will be fine when in the end we actually are risking ourselves a bit 
          • This also goes for groups as in NFL league fans picked opponents record well but not their own due to optimism 
          • Our positive thinking seems to go away though when we brace for test results or after we have a traumatic personal experience that gets us to think we are vulnerable 
        • Blindness to One's Own Incompetence
          • People are more overconfident when most incompetent since as far as they know they are good, but they don't know whats good 
          • If we think we have the answer we feel smart until we're shown how were wrong, our ignorance of what we don't know gives us confidence 
          • When trying to judge how good we are at something, it is best to try to get someone else's opinion on the matter 
        • Positive Psychology: The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive 
    ]]>     2018-02-22 00:05:11 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234038381     Module 59 Notes 59-2 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234041819 59-2: How do social-cognitive researchers explore behavior, and what criticism have they faced?
    • Assessing Behavior in Situations:
      • Social-cognitive psychologists explore how people interact w situations using realistic situations to see behaviors 
      • The best way to test for behaviors is to simulate a time when it could happen and see what subjects do
      • Many fields are using this new way to test behaviors called assessment center strategies and has really helped to see who is most fit to do jobs 
      • This means that the best predictor for behavior is past behavior and if that cannot be found, then simulate the situation to see what happens
    • Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theories 
      • Social cognitive theories or personality show researchers how situations affect and are affected by individuals and they build off of research
      • Critics say it doesn't focus enough on the person as too much is in the situation as biological differences can also play a huge role
    ]]>     2018-02-22 00:29:17 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234041819     Module 59 Notes 59-3 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234043955 59-3: Why has psychology generated so much research on the self? How important is self-esteem to psychology and to human well-being?
    • Exploring the Self
      • The self was at the start of psychology, went away then came back into now as it is studied a lot 
      • Psychologists believe that the self is the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions and thus the center of personality
      • Our possible self was put forth by Hazel Markus which has two sides the self you want to be and the self you fear becoming which inspire us to do what we want, showing how dreams can become reality
      • This self focused perspective can hurt as seen by the spotlight effect as we believe people notice stuff about us like we do about ourselves though it really isn't the case 
      • Benefits of Self-Esteem
        • High self-esteem, feeling of worth,  is very useful and self-efficacy, sense of competence on a task is too
        • People who feel good about themselves are happier as when they aren't happy they say they should be and change to follow 
        • Self image isn't the best predictor for kids so maybe self esteem only reflects reality from success or failure so the way to remedy is to succeed 
        • There is an effect of low self esteem as it makes you prone to hate, and to be more down about a lot of things including others and what happens around you
    ]]>     2018-02-22 00:42:52 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234043955     Module 59 Notes 59-4 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234045839 59-4: What evidence reveals self-serving bias, and how do defensive and secure self-esteem differ?
    • Carl Rogers and Mark Twain both said that problems in the world come from people not loving themselves enough 
    • We actually do have a good rep w ourselves even if low self esteem which goes w the self serving bias, that we are ready to perceive ourselves as good 
    • People usually accept more responsibility for good things and not bad as when bad things come, we ask why we deserve this but when good things do we think we do deserve it 
    • Most people see themselves as better than average throughout many surveys checking this view
    • Though in some areas this might not be as prominent as in others, it is still quite true around the world 
    • People even think they are more immune to this bias than others around them 
    • Threatened egotism more than low self esteem seems to cause aggression as kids that have high self esteem that are disliked are usually the aggressive ones 
    • An adult or teen like this could be very dangerous as they can spread hate like Nazis in WWII
    • Brad Bushman and Roy Bameister tested the dark side of high self esteem by getting undergrads to write essays and then get praise or criticism and then they would play a reaction time game against the other students and after wins the student could play any intensity noise for any amount of time 
    • Those that had high self esteem but had been criticized were much more aggressive than the others
    • This type of self serving perceptions seem to be going up in America as over time they have gotten more and more common
    • Narcissism- excessive self love and self-absorption, has also been rising as seen w people on surveys showing this which is not good as they are not as good people in the end 
    • Critics say that this concept doesn't focus on those that feel worthless or unlovable but refuted by:
      • Self directed put downs can be subtly strategic to be told things
      • Before an important event, self disparaging comments prep for possible failure 
      • A self disparaging "How could I have been so stupid" can help us learn from our mistakes 
      • Self disparagement is usually for one's own self even if the person has not changed too much over time 
    • Even so though, sometimes we do feel inferior and the deeper and more often it happens, the more sad and depressed about is we get but usually we think good
    • There are also two types of self esteem, defensive and secure, defensive is fragile and just wants to sustain itself which makes failures and criticism feel threatening and exposes one to perceived threats 
    • Secure self esteem is less fragile as it is less dependent on external evaluations and are more accepted for who we are which is good and says that being in relationships help us boost our self esteem and quality of life
    ]]>     2018-02-22 00:54:13 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234045839     Module 59 Notes 59-5 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234049841 59-5: How do individualist and collectivist cultures influence people?
    • What would happen to your identity if you were moved to be a solitary refugee in a new land?
    • If you pride yourself on individualism, your identity wouldn't really change as this has been seen in individualists as we believe that we can be what we want
    • Individualists want to belong and try and find it in groups but don't always follow duty a ton and switch in and out of groups frequently
    • A collectivists would lose a lot as they would lose the whole community that has made them from the start 
    • These collectivists are quite different as they might get more embarrassed easier and might believe things normal here are selfish compared to back home 
    • There is diversity in cultures, but there in general individualist cultures give men more freedom 
    • These people even like unusual names as seen w less and less uncommon names being seen over time
    • Differences seen w medals at Olympics as individualists say it was them while collectivists say it was their team
    • Individualism can be bad though as it brings a lot of negatives and collectivism is a bit more traditional and loyal
    ]]>     2018-02-22 01:17:35 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234049841     Class Notes 2/22/18 diegozun1100 https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234449152 Maslow: Describe hierarchy of needs 
    Big Five Personality and describe each part of it
    Know eysenck's 4 axes emotional stability and extroversion 
    A lot of Freud 
    Jung and persona is good to know 
    Internal and external locus of control 
    Know Seligment made positive psychology 
    Know reciprocal determinism 
    • Adler's Birth order Theories
      • Oldest:
        • Responsible, smart, leaders, conformists, ambitious
      • Middle 
        • Peacemaker, fariness-obsessed, social butterfly, flexible, understanding, cooperative
      • Youngest
        • Financially irresponsible, outgoing, charming (and manipulative), creative, independent, has a special bond with oldest (share the first born last born "special treatment"
      • Only Child
        • Get along with adults, demanding, verbal, mature, responsible, perfe ctionists, share similarities to oldest and youngest
    ]]>     2018-02-22 19:40:33 UTC https://padlet.com/diegozun1100/td9qvmkp4940/wish/234449152