— Meat meal, blood meal, feather meal are used for mixing with other ingredients for feeding buffaloes

— Fishmeal is used for making poultry feed. Excessive use of fishmeal imparts fishy odour to poultry meat.

— Fishmeal is manufactured either by dry or wet process.....the latter needs more sophisticated plant and machinery and the product is almost sterilised. — Fishmeal contains an unidentified growth factor which is responsible for the rapid growth of chicken over a certain period.

http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/2010/Volume4/903-923.pdf
https://tribune.com.pk/story/1375473/crops-pakistan-hard-hit-due-unavailability-storage-facilities-argentine-envoy/
https://www.dawn.com/news/1227948
https://www.dawn.com/news/1167101

Globally, nearly half of all deaths (some 2.7 million) annually among children under the age of five are attributable to under-nutrition. Associated with increased risk of morbidity and infections, malnutrition also leads to impaired growth and developmental outcomes. To add, around 159m children under five are stunted with heights much less than normal for that age, and with nearly 240m children at risk of developmental impairment.

 

It is well-documented that iron deficiency leads to impaired cognitive development and poor performance in school. Iron deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders and has a large impact on economic productivity. Recent estimates of income foregone as a percentage of GDP are 5.2 percent for Pakistan, according to the UN report on world nutrition situation. This depends on the extent of deficiency and the returns to educational attainment in the labour market.
Protein-Energy Malnutrition

This is also very common in Pakistan and leads to a condition called kwashiorkor. Lack of protein can cause growth failure, loss of muscle mass, decreased immunity, and weakening of the heart and respiratory system. A survey by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that the number of underweight pre-school children (0-5 years of age) in Pakistan is 40 percent. Such children often remain weak and undernourished throughout life.
Role of The Food Industry

The malnutrition issue in Pakistan is a major CSR opportunity for food companies since the possible solution lies in widespread availability of essential nutrients in low cost food products. Food companies can utilize their existing resource and development capabilities to develop low-to-moderate-cost nutritional foods. Using a bit of ingenuity, this can be achieved with low additional costs to the company and a long-term product investment with guaranteed gains.

The National Foods Limited Example

National Foods Limited (NFL) is a company which leverages triple bottom line (TBL) principles to create a successful business model.

A pioneer in the Pakistani food industry, ISO:9001 & HACCP certified NFL has been providing consumers with pure food products since 1970 and is the market leader in branded refined salt, with about a 90 percent share. In response to the iodine deficiency issue, NFL launched iodized salt in 1991. Then several years were spent in collaboration with UNICEF to promote the use of iodized salt across Pakistan. Result is that today half of the sales volume of NFL’s refined salt is taken up by the iodized variant.