Is an important set of rules for all children around the world, says that children should be protected, should be able to learn, should be well and have a say in what happens around them. But things don't always go that way. There are still many children who suffer abuse, who don't have enough to eat, who can't go to school, or who live in dangerous places. But it's everyone's job to make sure that children are respected and can live a better life. Governments need to make laws that protect children, organizations need to help those who are in trouble, and we all need to do our part, even just by listening to children and trying to understand what they're saying.

POINTS TO LOOK

1.SOCIAL JUSTICE : Women’s rights are central to achieving social justice and ending discrimination and oppression based on gender. By addressing gender-based inequalities and injustices, we create a more equitable and inclusive society for everyone.

2.ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Empowering women economically by ensuring their rights to education, employment, and equal pay can have significant positive impacts on economic growth and development. When women are able to fully participate in the workforce and contribute to the economy, it leads to increased productivity, innovation, and prosperity for society as a whole.

3.PEACE AND SECURITY: Women’s rights are closely linked to peace and security. Women’s participation in decision-making processes, conflict resolution, and peacebuilding efforts can help prevent conflicts, promote reconciliation, and build sustainable peace in communities and nations affected by conflict and violence.

Gender equality is of paramount importance in ensuring a fair and just society. When women are afforded equal opportunities and treatment, it not only benefits them individually but also strengthens communities and economies. Gender equality fosters social cohesion, enhances productivity, and promotes sustainable development. Moreover, it upholds the principles of human rights and dignity for all individuals, regardless of gender.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

In exploring the historical perspective of women’s rights, numerous notable figures have made significant contributions to the advancement of gender equality. From suffragettes like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who fought tirelessly for women’s right to vote, to modern-day activists like Malala Yousafzai, who champions education for girls worldwide, these individuals have inspired movements and sparked change that continues to resonate today.

Despite progress, gender disparities persist in various aspects of life, with employment being a prominent example. Women often face unequal access to job opportunities, lower wages compared to their male counterparts, and barriers to career advancement. Such disparities not only undermine the economic empowerment of women but also perpetuate broader inequalities within society.

THE CEDAW

An important document safeguarding women’s rights is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, CEDAW is often hailed as the international bill of rights for women. It mandates state parties to take measures to eliminate discrimination against women in all areas of life, including employment, education, and access to healthcare. By ratifying and implementing CEDAW, countries commit to promoting gender equality and ensuring the full realization of women’s rights.

Children's rights are fundamental human rights that are specifically designed to protect and promote the well-being of individuals under the age of 18. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), adopted by the United Nations General

Assembly in 1989, serves as the cornerstone for ensuring the rights of children worldwide.

1. Right to Life: Children have the inherent right to life and survival. This encompasses protection from harm, access to adequate nutrition, healthcare, and shelter.

2. Right to Protection: Children have the right to protection from all forms of abuse, exploitation, neglect, and violence. This includes protection from child labor, trafficking, and recruitment into armed conflict.

3. Right to Education: Every child has the right to education that is free, compulsory, and of good quality.
   Education should be accessible to all
   children without discrimination, ensuring opportunities for intellectual, social, and emotional development.

4. Right to Health: Children have the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health. This includes access to healthcare services, nutritious food, clean water, sanitation, and a healthy environment conducive to their physical and mental well-being.

5. Right to Play and Recreation: Children have the right to engage in play, leisure, and recreational activities appropriate to their age and development. Play is essential for cognitive, emotional, and social development, fostering creativity, problem-solving skills, and resilience.

6. Right to Participation: Children have the right to express their views and have them taken into account in matters affecting them. They should have opportunities to participate in decision-making processes at home, in school, and in the community, according to their evolving capacities.

Evolution of Children's Rights

children's rights have not always existed as we know them today. They have been recognized and formalized only relatively recently in human history.

The rights of children have evolved over time through a process of awareness and social change. This evolution has seen children being recognized as individuals with needs, rights, and dignity of their own, rather than as property or passive subjects. International conventions, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, have played a crucial role in shaping global standards for the protection and well-being of children, while national laws and public policies have continued to adapt to more comprehensively and inclusively meet children's needs.

THE CHILDREN’S RIGHT DOCUMENT

The UNCRC consists of 54 articles that set out children’s rights and how governments should work together to make them available to all children.

Under the terms of the convention, governments are required to meet children’s basic needs and help them reach their full potential. Central to this is the acknowledgment that every child has basic fundamental rights. These include the right to:

• Life, survival and development

• Protection from violence, abuse or neglect

• An education that enables children to fulfil their potential

• Be raised by, or have a relationship with, their parents

• Express their opinions and be listened to.

In 2000, two optional protocols were added to the UNCRC.

One asks governments to ensure children under the age of 18 are not forcibly recruited into their armed forces. The second calls on states to prohibit child prostitution, child pornography and the sale of children into slavery. These have now been ratified by more than 120 states.

A third optional protocol was added in 2011. This enables children whose rights have been violated to complain directly to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child.

They describe what children need for a good, healthy upbringing.

Some important rights of children:

• RIGHT TO HEALT

All children have the right to grow up healthy. This is only possible if they receive good nutrition and drinking water and if they are treated adequately in case of illness.

• RIGHT TO PLAY AND FREE TIME

Every child in the world should be allowed to play. They have the right to play sports, to be active artistically and also to rest.

• RIGHT TO EQUALITY

No child can be disadvantaged. It doesn't have to matter, for example, whether the child is a girl or a boy, what language she speaks and what skin color or religion she has.

• RIGHT TO EDUCATION

All children have the right to go to school. Thereafter, children have the right to further education according to their needs and abilities.v

THE CONVENTION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD

On 20 November 1989, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is one of the most signed human rights treaties in the world. It entered into force in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1992.

The Convention establishes essential provisions for the protection of children throughout the world. The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child monitors compliance with these provisions. Countries that have signed the Convention must regularly report to the Committee on what they are doing to implement children's rights.

In western conutries these rights are generally respected, while in others they are ignored or suppresed.

These include:

• the right to live free from violence and discrimination;

• to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;

• to be educated;

• to own property;

• to vote;

• and to earn an equal wage.

Specifically, in Italy the issue of women's rights evolved only after the Second World War.

Spatial segregation refers to the deliberate or voluntary division of populations within a certain area based on racial, caste, ethnic, linguistic, religious, or economic lines. The global response to segregation has been historically linked to the widespread denunciation of apartheid in South Africa.

The UN housing expert highlighted in a report to the Human Rights Council that segregation becomes a concern for human rights when governments do not intervene to stop the formation of segregated communities. These communities prevent equal access for all societal groups to housing, land, water, sanitation, education, healthcare, and other services, as well as to employment and opportunities for economic and social progress.

All of this, of course, connects to an extremely important document: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 on which i will elaborate further in my presentation.

Wollstonecraft addresses issues such as the education of women, their economic and social dependence on men and the need for greater participation of women in the public sphere. Her work has been an important contribution to the women’s rights movement and has influenced many future generations of feminists.

Women’s rights refer to the principle that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men in all aspects of life, including political, economic, social and cultural. This includes the right to education, political participation, freedom of choice regarding one’s own body, equal pay, protection from gender-based violence and the possibility to realise one’s potential without gender-based discrimination.

I have chosen to speak about women’s rights, mainly because as a woman, I feel obliged to deepen and reflect on these rights which, fortunately today I can say I have, but reflecting on many less developed countries, have a vision of the woman absolutely scoretta and ancient. For this reason I think it is very important to talk about it and spread this message both in everyday life, but especially at school: the place, after the family, where the educational values that accompany us throughout our lives are transmitted.

INTRODUCTION 

The phenomenon of immigration has become such that a mental distinction is made between the figure of the immigrant and that of the foreigner. Anyone arriving from another country in Italy is called an immigrant. How should they be treated in Italy? What are the rights of immigrants? When it comes to origin, there are different rules for EU citizens and non-EU citizens. Some migrate for study experiences, while others do so to find job opportunities that their home country cannot offer. Then there are those who flee from a much deeper crisis, perpetual drought, or war: in this case, the immigrant can obtain refugee status. In all these cases, there are nonetheless requirements to be met and benefits guaranteed by law, encompassed within the rights of immigrants. Over the years, the phenomenon of immigration has changed, and with it, so have the laws on the entry and stay of foreigners in Italy.

THE RIGHTS 

Immigrants have various rights, including: 

• The right to enter Italy 

• The residence permit 

• Equality and equal dignity 

• Rights of minors 

• Access to healthcare 

• Right to work 

• Right to housing 

Let's delve into some of them: 

THE RIGHT TO A RESIDENCE PERMIT 

There can be various reasons for staying: tourism, legal proceedings, awaiting emigration to another country, staying with a relative, hospitalization. The immigrant also has the right to a free residence permit in case of issuance and renewal for asylum, political asylum application, subsidiary protection. The duration of the residence permit is indicated on the entry visa and, in any case, cannot be: 

• more than three months for tourism, visits, and business; 

• more than six months for seasonal work or nine months for seasonal work requiring such duration; 

• more than one year for study purposes. The permit is renewable in case the stay needs to be extended to attend multi-year courses; 

• more than two years for self-employment, indefinite-term employment, or family reunification; 

more than the expressly documented needs in other permitted cases. 

THE RIGHT TO EQUALITY AND EQUAL DIGNITY 

The Italian Constitution provides that the Republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolable rights of man, as well as the fulfillment of the inescapable duties of economic, political, and social solidarity, and extends the legal status of the foreigner. According to the Constitutional Court, the protection of the inviolable rights of man outlined in the Charter does not distinguish between Italian citizens and foreigners. Therefore, the Constitution itself guarantees immigrants social equal dignity and equality before the law without distinction of sex, race, language, religion, political opinions, and personal and social conditions. The Republic has the task of removing economic and social obstacles that effectively limit the freedom and equality of citizens. Some of the fundamental rights of immigrants include: 

• The right to life, which includes the prohibition of being sentenced to death and extradited to a country; 

• The right to freedom and personal security; 

• The right to express one's thoughts, including freedom of opinion; 

• The right to freedom of religion and to manifest it individually or collectively; 

• The right to recognition of one's citizenship; 

• The right to marry and form a family; 

• The right to education; 

• The right to defense in criminal matters, by having legal representation. 

THE RIGHT TO HEALTH 

At this point, it is necessary to distinguish between foreigners coming from a European Union country, citizens arriving from a non-EU country, and those who do not have a regular residence permit. 

Those arriving from a European Union country have the right to healthcare in Italy if they possess the health insurance card and certificate of entitlement. These two documents entitle immigrants from these countries to healthcare from the National Health Service under the same conditions as Italian citizens. Therefore, they will have to pay the co-payment without advancing expenses for the services. 

Immigrants with a valid residence permit from a non-EU country have the right to healthcare in Italy under different modalities depending on the reason for their presence in our country. Those who are temporarily present for a period not exceeding 90 days may benefit from urgent care by paying the relevant regional fees. Conversely, those with a valid residence permit can enroll in the National Health Service, thereby having access to a general practitioner and ensuring assistance for dependents regularly residing in Italy. 

Even irregular immigrants have the right to healthcare in Italy in certain cases. Undocumented migrants can receive urgent and essential outpatient and hospital care to avoid a risk of death. In the case of pregnancy, during the first six months of waiting, the woman is entitled to a residence permit allowing temporary enrollment in the National Health Service. 

Children should be healthy. This means they need good food, to see doctors when they're sick, Every child has the right to be as healthy as possible. This means they should have access to doctors, hospitals, and information to help them stay well.

Governments must make sure kids get these things, both at home and in the community.

The CRC also believes that children should have a say in what happens to them. They should be listened to and be part of decisions about their lives, like where they go to school, their health, and their families.

Every child has the right to access free and compulsory education of good quality, which means that education should be available to all children, regardless of their family's income or social status.

Children have the right to live in an environment that is safe and free from harm. This includes protection from physical, sexual, emotional, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect and exploitation.

Almost every country in the world has said they will follow the CRC. This makes it the most agreed-on set of rules for kids. It has helped make new laws in many countries to keep children safe. But even with the CRC, many kids still have hard times, like not having enough food or not being able to see a doctor when they need to. Still, the CRC gives hope. It helps countries work together to make sure every child can have a better life. It shows that everyone thinks every child should be treated well and have their rights protected.

Migrants' rights refer to the basic protections and freedoms that individuals enjoy when they move from one country to another. These rights are based on the idea that all people, regardless of where they come from, deserve to be treated fairly and with dignity. Some of these rights include:

• Safety and Security: Migrants have the right to be safe from harm and discrimination. This means they should not be mistreated or abused because of their immigration status.

• Freedom of Movement: Migrants should be able to move around freely within the country they are in and leave if they want to, without fear of being stopped or detained unfairly.

• Fair Treatment: Migrants have the right to be treated fairly by the law and by others. This includes having access to legal help if they need it and not being discriminated against because of where they come from.

• Work and Education: Migrants should have the opportunity to work and go to school just like anyone else. They should not be denied these opportunities because they are from another country.

• Healthcare and Social Services: Migrants have the right to access healthcare and other services that help them live healthy and happy lives.

• Family Unity: Migrants should be able to be with their families and loved ones, even if they live in different countries.

• Asylum and Protection: Migrants who are fleeing danger or persecution have the right to seek asylum in another country. They should be given a fair chance to explain their situation and get the help they need to stay safe. These rights are important because they help protect migrants from unfair treatment and ensure that they can live with dignity and respect, no matter where they are from.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(UDHR), adopted in 1948, explicitly addresses migrants' rights and sets forth principles relevant to their protection. Articles 13, 14, 15, 17, and 21 emphasize key aspects of migrants' rights, including freedom of movement, asylum, nationality, property ownership, and participation in government. By recognizing these rights, the UDHR establishes a global framework for the protection and promotion of migrants' rights, guiding efforts to ensure their dignity, respect, and equality under the law.

Children's rights are a set of specific rights recognized for all children based on the Convention on the Rights of the Childadopted by the United Nations General Assemblyin 1989. These rights are established to ensure that children enjoy special protections and opportunities for healthy physical, mental, social, and emotional development.

Children's Rights

• Right to life

• Right to education

• Right to protection

• Right to health

• Right to freedom of expression

• Right to an identity

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rightsis a document adopted by the United Nations General Assemblyin 1948 that sets out the fundamental and inalienable rights of every human being. The Declaration emphasizes the equality of all individuals and recognizes that human rights must be guaranteed without any form of discrimination.

Link between Children's Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Children's rights are closely linked to the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsas both emphasize the importance of protecting the dignity and fundamental rights of every individual. Children's rights are based on the general principles of equality, non-discrimination, and respect for human dignity enshrined in the Universal Declaration.

In summary, children's rightsrepresent an extension of universal human rights, highlighting the importance of protecting and promoting the well-being and development of all children worldwide.

I hope this presentation provides you with a comprehensive overview of children's rights and their relationship to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1989. This document recognises that boys, girls and adolescents also have civil, social, political, cultural and economic rights, which must be promoted and protected by all. Since 1989, all the countries of the world, except the United States, have committed themselves to respecting and enforcing on their territory the general principles and fundamental rights contained therein. Italy ratified it with Law n.176 of 27 May 1991.

On 20 November 1959, the United Nations General Assembly approved the new Declaration of the Rights of the Child, and also on the same date of 1989 the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

In 1923, Eglantyne Jebb, the founder of Save the Children, wrote the first Charter of the Rights of the Child or Geneva Declaration, which was adopted by the League of Nations in 1924 and was the basic text for the subsequent United Nations Declaration, although not yet binding on States: the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November 1959. Save the Children uses the CRC as a working tool: the programming of activities is carried out with a rights-based approach through the practical application of Child Rights Programming. In 2002, the two Optional Protocols to the CRC, approved by the United Nations General Assembly on May 25, 2000, came into force and were ratified by Italy.

Ogni anno il 20 novembre si celebra la Giornata dei diritti dell’infanzia e dell’adolescenza, per Precisely in honour of these people along the path of child protection, World Children’s Rights Day is celebrated on 20 November.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child, approved by the UN, is the first document to recognise children as fully-fledged individuals with rights and opinions at international level.

It is composed of 54 articles.

The base of this so important document are 4 basic principles:

Equal treatment - no child should be discriminated against on the basis of sex, origin, nationality, language, religion, skin colour, disability or political opinions

Safeguarding well-being - in all decisions that may affect minors (both at family and state level), the best interests of the child are paramount

Right to life and development - every child must have access to health care and education and must be protected from abuse and exploitation

Listening and participation - the child must be able to express his or her opinion and be heard; he or she must be informed in a manner appropriate to his or her age and be involved in the decisions affecting him or her.

Among the various rights of children enshrined in the UN Convention, 10 fundamental rights have been identified:

-Right to play

-Right to food

-Right to have a home

Right to psychophysical health and well-being

-Right to education

-Right to life and to grow up in a family

-Right to have a nationality

-Right to equality

-Right to express an opinion

-Right not to work.

The rights denied to children and the commitment to ensure them.

Some of the rights they include are the right to education, health care, protection from violence, freedom of expression, and a safe and welcoming environment, and are contained in international documents such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), approved by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1989, which sets out the rights every child should have.

In addition to those mentioned, children also have the right to:

1. no descrimination: all children have the same rights, no matter who they are, where they live, what lauguage they speak, what their religion is, what they think, what look like, if they are a boy or a girl and if they have a disability.

2. Protection from Exploitation: This includes protection from child labor, trafficking, and any form of exploitation or abuse.

3. Identity and Citizenship: Children have the right to the their own identity and they should not be separated from the their parents, unless it is contrary to their best interests.

4. Leisure and Play: Children have the right to rest and leisure, as well as the opportunity to engage in play and recreational activities.

5. Participation: Children have the right to express their opinions and to have those opinions taken into account in matters affecting them, according to their age and maturity.

These rights are essential for ensuring the well-being, development, and protection of children worldwide.

Throughout history, women have faced systemic discrimination and oppression, yet they have continuously fought for their rights, paving the way for progress and equality. From suffrage movements to contemporary advocacy for reproductive rights and gender equality, the struggle for women’s rights has been a defining aspect of social and political discourse worldwide.

One of the fundamental rights that women have fought for is the right to suffrage. The suffrage movement, which gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, sought to secure women’s right to vote. Suffragists such as Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Emmeline Pankhurst led campaigns and protests, challenging the notion that women were unfit for political participation. Their efforts culminated in significant victories, including the passage of the 19th Amendment in the United States in 1920 and the Representation of the People Act in the United Kingdom in 1918.

These achievements marked crucial milestones in the struggle for gender equality and paved the way for women’s increased participation in political life.

In many societies, women were historically denied access to education, limiting their opportunities for personal and professional growth. However, feminist pioneers like Mary Wollstonecraft argued for women’s right to education as a means of empowering individuals and advancing society as a whole.

As a result, significant progress has been made in improving access to education for girls and women worldwide, although challenges such as gender-based discrimination and cultural barriers persist in some regions.

In the realm of employment, women have long faced disparities in wages, opportunities, and workplace conditions. The fight for equal pay for equal work has been a central tenet of feminist movements, with activists advocating for policies and legislation to address wage gaps and promote workplace equity.

Despite progress in some areas, gender-based discrimination and occupational segregation continue to hinder women’s economic empowerment and limit their career advancement opportunities.

Reproductive rights have been another battleground in the struggle for women’s autonomy and equality. The ability to make decisions about one’s own body, including access to contraception and safe abortion services, is essential for women’s health, well-being, and agency. However, reproductive rights have been subject to political and ideological debates, with attempts to restrict or roll back reproductive freedoms posing significant challenges to women’s rights advocates. Organizations and activists continue to mobilize to protect and expand reproductive rights, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive healthcare, education, and access to reproductive services for all individuals.

Historical Context: Understand the historical struggles and achievements of the women's rights movement, including key milestones such as suffrage movements, the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the emergence of feminist movements globally.

Legal aspects: explore international agreements and conventions that promote and protect women's rights, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and regional human rights treaties. Gender equality: the concept of gender equality and efforts to achieve equality in various spheres of life, including education, employment, political representation and access to resources.

Violence against Women: Investigate the prevalence and forms of violence against women, including domestic violence, sexual assault, trafficking and harmful practices such as child marriage and female genital mutilation. Understand the initiatives and legal frameworks aimed at combating such violence.

Economic Empowerment: analysing barriers to women's economic participation and empowerment, including unequal pay, limited access to credit and land ownership, and discriminatory work practices. Explore initiatives to promote entrepreneurship, financial inclusion and women's economic rights.

Intersectionality: Recognize the intersecting identities and experiences that shape women's lives, including race, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, disability, and more. Understand how intersected forms of discrimination exacerbate the inequalities faced by marginalised women.

Workers' rights refer to the essential protections and entitlements that ensure fair and safe treatment for employees in the workplace. These rights include fair compensation, safe working conditions, protection from discrimination, the right to organize and bargain collectively, safeguards against unfair treatment and retaliation, access to paid leave and benefits, opportunities for work-life balance and career development, and the right to privacy. These rights are typically established in labor laws and regulations, and international organizations like the International Labour Organization (ILO) set global standards to uphold workers' rights.

KEY DOCUMENT: THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO

The Communist Manifesto" is a seminal political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. It presents a critique of capitalism, outlining the historical development of class struggle between the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class). Marx and Engels argue that capitalism leads to exploitation and inequality, calling for the proletariat to unite and overthrow the capitalist system. They envision a classless society based on communism, where the means of production are collectively owned and controlled. The manifesto remains influential in shaping socialist and communist thought, advocating for social equality and revolutionary change.

These laws may include provisions against unfair dismissal or discrimination in recruitment and promotion. Right to union representation: Workers have the right to join trade unions or professional associations to negotiate collectively with employers on wages, working conditions and other matters. Labor laws often regulate union activities and protect workers' rights to organize and strike.Right to privacy and dignity: Workers have the right to privacy in the workplace and personal dignity. This may include the protection of personal information, the right to respectful treatment and freedom from harassment and harassment in the workplace.Right to legal protection: Workers shall have the right to seek justice if they consider that their rights have been violated. This may include recourse to conciliation, arbitration or court procedures to resolve labour disputes.In summary, Workers' rights are fundamental to ensuring that workers are treated fairly and respectfully and that they have access to safe, paid and decent working conditions.

These laws may include provisions against unfair dismissal or discrimination in recruitment and promotion. Right to union representation: Workers have the right to join trade unions or professional associations to negotiate collectively with employers on wages, working conditions and other matters. Labor laws often regulate union activities and protect workers' rights to organize and strike.Right to privacy and dignity: Workers have the right to privacy in the workplace and personal dignity. This may include the protection of personal information, the right to respectful treatment and freedom from harassment and harassment in the workplace.Right to legal protection: Workers shall have the right to seek justice if they consider that their rights have been violated. This may include recourse to conciliation, arbitration or court procedures to resolve labour disputes.In summary, Workers' rights are fundamental to ensuring that workers are treated fairly and respectfully and that they have access to safe, paid and decent working conditions.