Unit 2-Discussion Board by https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet Unit 2-Discussion Board en-us 2020-06-22 20:04:56 UTC 2020-06-23 04:25:44 UTC hello@padlet.com 1.Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System josephmendez11 https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636584929 Sympathetic Nervous System: Active when body is under stress. (Fight, fright, flight)
-Also known as andrenergic

Parasympathetic Nervous System:
Active when the body is at rest (Rest, and digest)
-Also known as cholinergic ]]> 2020-06-22 20:06:18 UTC https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636584929 2. Neurotransmitters for each division josephmendez11 https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636593844 Sympathetic Nervous System's NT:
-acetylcholine (ACH)
-epinephrine (EPI)
-norepinephrine (NE)
-Dopamine (DA)

Parasympathetic Nervous System's NT:
-acetylcholine (ACH)]]> 2020-06-22 20:15:40 UTC https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636593844 3. Locations where each neurotransmitter is released in each division of ANS josephmendez11 https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636733426 Sympathetic Nervous System:
-acetylcholine (ACH) is released at the ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings.
- epinephrine (EPI) is released at post ganglionic nerve endings and acts on adrenergic receptors. EPI is produced by the adrenal medulla.
- norepinephrine (NE) is released at postganglionic nerve endings. NE is synthesized from dopamine and released by adrenal medulla and neurons.
- dopamine (DA) is a sympathetic and CNS neurotransmitter. DA is a precursor to NE. DA stimulates many receptors (alpha, beta, dopaminergic) and has a different action based on dose given.

Parasympathetic Nervous System:
acetylcholine (ACH) is released at both the ganglia and the postganglionic nerve endings. 

]]> 2020-06-22 23:21:33 UTC https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636733426 4. The Receptors of each division and their main location josephmendez11 https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636831270 Sympathetic Nervous System receptors: Adrenergic types of receptors
Alpha 1- Found on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, most arteries and veins.
Alpha 2- located on adrenergic nerve endings and helps regulate Alpha 1.
Beta 1- Located on the heart
Beta 2- Located on smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscles arteries, and coronary arteries.

Parasympathetic Nervous System receptors: Cholinergic types of receptors
Muscarinic- Located on cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands. At parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings.
Nicotinic 1 (Nn)- At ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves.
Nicotinic 2 (Nm)- Located in neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. ]]> 2020-06-23 01:41:27 UTC https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636831270 5. The end organ response that occur when each transmitter is stimulated. The specific organ and what response is generated in the organ when stimulated by each ANS division. josephmendez11 https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636851151 Sympathetic division:
Most arteries and veins- When EPI and NE are stimulated it will cause vasoconstriction and contraction-pupillary dilation. 
Heart- When EPI and NE are stimulated it will cause an increase in heart rate, force of contraction, and atrioventricular conduction. EPI stimulation will cause a greater effect.
Intestines/GI motility and secretions- Decreased
Eyes- mydriasis (Dilation)
Respiratory passages, lower- Brochodilation
Urinary bladder- relaxation
Urinary sphincter- contraction

Parasympathetic Division:
Arteries- Most arteries are not supplied by parasympathetic nerves.
Heart- Decreases heart rate and AV conduction. Slight decrease in contractility.
Intestines, GI motility, and secretions- Increased
Pupil of the eye- miosis (contriction)
Respiratory passages, lower- Bronchoconstriction
Urinary bladder- Contraction
Urinary sphincter- Relaxation
 

]]> 2020-06-23 02:01:48 UTC https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636851151 6.Drug classification for each division josephmendez11 https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636879373 Sympathetic Division:

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonist:
-alpha-1 receptor is stimulated
-contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict, increases blood pressure
-vasoconstriction of nasal passages-decongestant effect
Adrenergic Agonists:
-Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors
-Vasopressor-vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure
-Cardiac stimulant
-Bronchodilator
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking:
-binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them
-relaxation of smooth muscle
-vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases BP
-relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow
Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists:
 -Low dose-stimulates dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow
-Moderate dose-stimulates  beta 1 receptors-heart, increases force of contraction and cardiac output
-High dose- stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction-increase in blood pressure
Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists:
-stimulates beta 2 receptors
-relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs - bronchodilation
-relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus
Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs:
Selective Beta-1 Blockers:
-beta-1 receptor is blocked (antagonizes beta-1 effects of NE and EPI)   
-decreases force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
-decreases HR  (negative chronotropic)
-decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
-decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
Non-selective Beta Blockers:
-block beta-1 and beta-2 receptors
-decreases force of contraction  (negative inotropic), decreases cardiac output
-decreases HR  (negative chronotropic) 
-decreases conduction (negative dromotropic)
-decrease in cardiac output also decreases BP
-can cause bronchoconstriction

]]> 2020-06-23 02:41:43 UTC https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636879373 Drug classification for each division josephmendez11 https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636907726 Parasympathetic Division:

Cholinergic/Parasympathomimetics:
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists:
-directly stimulate/bind to the muscarinic receptors
-mimics ACH
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists:
-inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse
-increases ACH

Antichoinergics/Parasympatholytics:
-Bind to cholinergic receptors 
-Acts as a blocking drug; Competitive antagonism

]]> 2020-06-23 03:25:21 UTC https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636907726 7. Specific Drug examples josephmendez11 https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636915699 1) Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonists:
-ephedrine
-phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine)

2) Adrenergic Agonists:
-epinephrine (Adrenalin)

3) Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker:
-prazosin (Minipress)
-terazosin (Hytrin)
-doxazosin (Cardura)

4) Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist:
-dobutamine

5) Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist:
-formoterol (Foradil)
-albuterol (Proventil/Ventolin)
-terbutaline (Brethine)

6) Beta Blocker:
Nonselective:
-nadolol (Corgard)
-propranolol (Inderol)
-timolol (Blocadren)
Selective:
-atenolol (Tenormin)
-metoprolol (Lopressor)

7) Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist
-acetylcholine
-pilocarpine(Pilocar)
-bethanechol (Urecholine)

8) Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents
-neostigmine (Prostigmin)

9) Anticholinergic
-atropine
-dicyclomine (Bentyl)

]]> 2020-06-23 03:39:25 UTC https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636915699 Sources josephmendez11 https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636934526 -Pharmacology: An Introduction Hitner, Henry; Nagle, Barbara 

-Dr. Espinosa's powerpoint lecture slides

-Unit 2 Drug List]]> 2020-06-23 04:08:30 UTC https://padlet.com/josephmendez11/JosephMendezPadlet/wish/636934526