project by Taylor https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741 Nuss 3 en-us 2018-01-22 16:04:58 UTC 2025-12-30 20:37:18 UTC hello@padlet.com what does DNA stand for taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223402875

    1. deoxyribonucleic acid

    • ]]>     2018-01-22 16:09:07 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223402875     • The two sides of the DNA molecule are held together across the center of the helix by what type of bond? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223402953
  • DNA is a double-stranded molecule twisted into a helix (think of a spiral staircase). Each spiraling strand, comprised of a sugar-phosphate backbone and attached bases, is connected to a complementary strand by non-covalent hydrogen bonding between paired bases.

    • ]]>     2018-01-22 16:09:15 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223402953     • What is the name of the small repeating subunits that compose DNA and RNA? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223403291
  • The repeating subunits that make up DNA are called  nucleotides. A nucleotide is an organic molecule that helps provide the structure for both DNA and RNA strands

    • ]]>     2018-01-22 16:09:48 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223403291     • What are the rungs of the DNA “ladder” made of? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223403425 Two of the four DNA bases join together to form the rungs between the sugar and phosphate outer rails. The four bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) - only A can only pair with T, and G can only pair with C.]]> 2018-01-22 16:09:58 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223403425 • Inside the nucleus, the DNA is tightly wound around proteins called? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223403521 The cell's DNA is packaged within the nucleus in a structural form called chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA wound tightly around spherical proteins called histones. When the cell prepares to divide, the DNA unwinds from the histones and assumes the shape of chromosomes, the X-shaped structures visible within the nucleus prior to cell division]]> 2018-01-22 16:10:10 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223403521 • How did Chargaff’s rules help Watson and Crick develop their model of the DNA molecule? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404055 That's because of his rule, "The adenine was always connected to thymine and guanine was always connected to cytosine."]]> 2018-01-22 16:11:11 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404055 • What three critical things must genes be able to do? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404178 There are three critical things that the genes are meant to  perform. They are carrying the gene to the next generation,  replication of genetic information and find the org…anisms'  heritable characteristics.]]> 2018-01-22 16:11:23 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404178 • The process of forming an exact copy of the DNA molecule is called? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404261  The process in which DNA makes an exact copy of itself is known as DNA replication and occurs through many steps during cellular replication. The process is semiconservative and occurs in the nucleus of the cell, where the DNA is found.]]> 2018-01-22 16:11:32 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404261 • What type of bond holds the nitrogen bases to one another across the middle of the helix? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404371 A chemical bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of a neighboring nucleotide holds the backbone together. Chemical bonds (hydrogen bonds) between the bases that are across from one another hold the two strands of the double helix together. Bases]]> 2018-01-22 16:11:44 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404371 • What type of bond connects one nucleotide to the next nucleotide? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404496 Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the third carbon atom of the pentose sugar in the next nucleotide. This produces an alternating backbone of sugar - phosphate - sugar - phosphate all along the polynucleotide chain.]]> 2018-01-22 16:11:55 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404496 • In what part of the cell does replication occur? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404609 DNA replication occurs during the synthesis (S phase) phase of interphase in the cell cycle. DNA replication begins in areas of DNA molecules called origins of replication.]]> 2018-01-22 16:12:07 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404609 • When replication occurs, it takes place at multiple sites along the molecule called _______. taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404705 During replication, the two nucleotide chains --- and each chain will serve as a --- for the production of a new DNA chain. The sites where new nucleotides are added are called ---. When replication occurs, it takes place at multiple sites along the molecule called ---.]]> 2018-01-22 16:12:16 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404705 • What is the primary function of DNA? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404864 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), contains the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA, along with the instructions it contains, is passed from adult organisms to their offspring during reproduction.]]> 2018-01-22 16:12:31 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404864 • Why is it so important that the DNA molecule be able to make copies of itself? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404952 Every new cell needs a copy of DNA, so it is the DNA's job to replicate itself and pass on a copy to an organism. DNA is often called the blue print of an individual's life. It has the make-up of what every trait and characteristic inside and outside of the body will be. It is important for DNA to replicate itself in order to reproduce.]]> 2018-01-22 16:12:40 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223404952 • What is meant by the “base-pairing” rules? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405055 The base pairing rules for DNA are governed by the complementary base pairs: adenine (A) with thymine (T) in an A-T pairing and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) in a C-G pairing. Conversely, thymine only binds with adenine in a T-A pairing and guanine only binds with cytosine in a G-C pairing.]]> 2018-01-22 16:12:50 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405055 • What is the advantage to the multiple sites of replication along the DNA molecule? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405165 During the process, multiple replication bubbles on each chromosome churn out small lengths of DNA that are then spliced together to form the finished product.]]> 2018-01-22 16:12:59 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405165 • What might cause accidental damage or changes in existing DNA? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405269 These enzymes catalyze some processes that take place within cells and protect the DNA from damage and change. Mutations and DNA change . Despite these efforts there are still some copying errors and accidental damage, permanent changes, or mutations.]]> 2018-01-22 16:13:08 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405269 • Describe the structure of a ribosome. taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405375 The structure of a ribosome is compromised of two parts. They are known as the large and the small subunits]]> 2018-01-22 16:13:23 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405375 • When does a ribosome become functional? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405483
    Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus by combining rRNA which is made there and ribosomal proteins that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and are imported into the nucleus. The ribosome is exported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm or are deposited on the rough ER.



    ]]>     2018-01-22 16:13:33 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405483     • If a section along the DNA molecule had a nucleotide sequence of TACGCAATC, the complimentary section on the RNA molecule would be? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405593 AUGCGUUAG Base A (Adenine) is complementary to bases T (Thymine) in DNA and U (Uracil) in RNA. The base G (Guanine) is complementary to the base C (Cytosine]]> 2018-01-22 16:13:44 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405593 • Explain how a substitution of one nitrogen base for a new nitrogen base might affect the protein being formed. taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405731
    A point mutation is a genetic mutation in the form of insertion / deletion (indels) or substitution to a single nucleotide base in a sequence of DNA or RNA. Point mutations have a variety of effects on the downstream protein product - consequences that are moderately predictable based the specifics of the mutation



    ]]>     2018-01-22 16:13:54 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405731     • Explain how a deletion or an addition of a nitrogen base might affect the protein being formed taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405803 The deletion of a single nitrogen base in a particular gene will cause the rest of the genetic code for that particular gene to become senseless, and the protein that is suppo … sed to be formed from that code will be useless. If this occurs in a gamete, then the resulting offspring can inherit a genetic disorder, or may not even be able to survive]]> 2018-01-22 16:14:03 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405803 • What is the importance of mutations to life on Earth? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405984 99% of mutations are harmful, 2% are lethal, less than 1% produce something better. Given a changeable environment they may be important. They are the only source of variation in organisms that can only reproduce asexually]]> 2018-01-22 16:14:19 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223405984 • What are the two types of mutations? Define each. taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406281 The four main types of chromosomal mutations are deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation. A fifth chromosomal mutation is known as a deficiency. This occurs when a chromosome is lost sometime during fertilization or development of a fetus]]> 2018-01-22 16:14:34 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406281 • Distinguish between a termination signal (terminator) and a stop codon taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406363 Termination signal is at the end of the part of the chromosome being transcribed during transcription of mRNA. While in a stop codon, also called termination codon, is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation.]]> 2018-01-22 16:14:42 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406363 • Three codons do not call for any amino acid. What role is played by these codons? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406462 There are three codons that do not code for any amino acids: the stop codons. These are TAG, TAA, and TGA (in DNA, not RNA). There are three codons that do not code for any amino acids: the stop codons. These are TAG, TAA, and TGA (in DNA, not RNA).]]> 2018-01-22 16:14:54 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406462 • What does “RNA” stand for? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406576 Ribonucleic Acid]]> 2018-01-22 16:15:06 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406576 • What type of sugar is found in RNA? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406663 The sugar found in deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is deoxyribose. It is a variant of the five-carbon sugar called ribose.]]> 2018-01-22 16:15:15 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406663 • Which nitrogen base is found in RNA, but not in DNA? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406735 The nitrogenous base found in DNA but not RNA is called thymine. RNA contains the base uracil which during transcription(when genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA) pairs with the base adenine in DNA. So, DNA has four nitrogenous bases: (A) adenine, (C) cytosine, G (guanine), and T (thymine).]]> 2018-01-22 16:15:24 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406735 • What are the three basic differences between DNA and RNA? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406837 Three of the nitrogenous bases are the same in the two types (adenine, cytosine, and guanine), but DNA contains thymine while RNA contains uracil. There are also functional differences. DNA is the blueprint for all proteins formed by the cells.]]> 2018-01-22 16:15:34 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406837 • What are the three types of RNA? What is their basic function? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406926 The three types of RNA are: mRNA (messenger RNA) - carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm tRNA (transfer RNA) - brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - guides the translation of mRNA into a protein.]]> 2018-01-22 16:15:45 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223406926 • What is gene expression? What are the two stages of gene expression? taylorferguson16 https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223407000 The first stage is called the transcription. During transcription, an RNA copy of gene is made.During translation, the second stage of gene expression,three different kinds of RNA work together to assemble amino acids into a protein molecule.]]> 2018-01-22 16:15:54 UTC https://padlet.com/taylorferguson16/tak9fpvzc741/wish/223407000