Unit 9 by Ilakkiya Venkatachalam https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine Personality en-us 2018-03-04 23:21:54 UTC 2018-03-08 13:37:43 UTC hello@padlet.com Module 60 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/238542242 Intelligence: the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Intelligence test: a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
--> But if a talented artist is stumped by a simple math problem, is intelligence a general ability or several specific abilities?
Charles Spearman
  • general intelligence: a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities, and can be measured by every task on an intelligence test
  • factor analysis: a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
  • people who score high in one, score high in other areas, because of the g factor
L.L. Thurston
  • 7 clusters of primary mental ability
  • word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
  • Spearman's early opponent, yet studies of people showed that those who performed well in one did better than average in others, so he had to conclude that there was a g factor
Satoshi Kanazawa
  • he theorized that general intelligence is a way to solve novel problems, like how to prevent a fire from spreading, not evolutionarily familiar problems, like identifying a face or mating
  • a difference in academic and social skill
Howard Gardner
  • theory of eight intelligences: naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, logical-mathematical, linguistic
  • the key tenant of his theory is that being strong or weak in one has no real implications on the others
  • multiple abilities come in different packages, leaving people extremely weak in an area and exceptionally bright in one (Rain Man--can't button shirt, memorize pages in 9 seconds)
  • savant syndrome: a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
  • yet there is proof of a g factor
--> grit: passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
               those who are successful are conscientious, doggedly energetic
Robert Sternberg
  • triarchic theory
  • analytical intelligence: assessed by traditional intelligence tests; school grades and vocational success
  • creative intelligence: reacting adaptively to novel situation, creative problem-solving
  • practical intelligence: required for everyday tasks (managerial success, business execs)
John Mayer, Peter Salovey, David Caruso
emotional intelligence: the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions (4 parts--in definition)
--> Bigger is better. Having more gray matter and white matter has a correlation of +.33 with intelligence scores
]]> 2018-03-06 11:31:28 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/238542242 3/6 Notes ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/238586895 J.P. Guilford
  • developed from the ideas from L.L. Thurston (7 clusters), rejected Spearman's general intelligence
  • distinction between convergent and divergent thinking
Wechsler Intelligence Tests
Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC-IV) ages 6-16 [adolescents]
Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence (WPPSI) ages 4.5-6
  • school placement,
Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS-IV) ages 16-74
  • determine vocational ability, assess adult intellectual ability in the classroom, determine organic defects
Types of Tests
  1. Aptitude tests: predict the future, ACT, SAT
  2. Achievement tests: reflect current performance, not very different, both assess ability and its development
Test Construction Principles (Wechsler and Stanford-Binet)
Reliability: consistency
Validity: does it test what its supposed to?
content validity: does the test sample the behavior of interest?
predictive validity: the success of the test to predict the behavior
Standardized: uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores in comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Normal curve: the bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of physical and psychological attributes
]]> 2018-03-06 13:40:29 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/238586895 Module 61 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/238992567 Alfred Binet (nurture)
  • mental age: a measure of intelligence test; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
  • he was against inherited intelligence, believed that environment lead to most differences
Lewis Terman (nature)
Stanford-Binet: the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test; measuring innate intelligence
William Stern
IQ: the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; the average performance is a 100
--> Francis Galton's eugenics: a movement that proposed using measured human traits to encourage only smart and fit people to reproduce
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
achievement tests: a test designed to assess what a person has learned
aptitude tests: a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
--> Flynn effect: increasing intelligence scores over time

]]> 2018-03-07 04:03:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/238992567 Module 62 ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/238997561 Aging & Intelligence
Phase I: cross-sectional studies show decline in mental ability with age
Phase II: longitudinal studies of cohorts (same group of people) show stable intelligence
Phase III: criticism that the people who live longer are healthier and will have better intelligence; intelligence is not a single trait, some decreases (memory, speed, reasoning) and some increases (vocab) with age
crystalline intelligence: our accumulated language skill, increases with age
fluid intelligence: our ability to reason speedily and abstractly
Extremes of Intelligence
intellectual disability: a condition of limited mental ability, an intelligence score of 70 or below, difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
down syndrome: a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
]]> 2018-03-07 04:39:43 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/238997561 3/8 Notes ilakkiyaven2598 https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/239629086 IQ Tests - they suck
  • socioeconomic status: middle class kids do better than lower class kids
  • language status: children from dominant cultures tend to do better
  • age: iq scores on timed tests tend to decline with age
  • heredity: iq scores of identical twins raised apart are quite similar
--> the greatest indicator of success on standardized tests is how well their parent
]]> 2018-03-08 13:28:51 UTC https://padlet.com/ilakkiyaven2598/unitnine/wish/239629086