Homer G Phillips: The Belittling of the Black Community in St Louis by Sierra D. Hieshetter

Homer G Phillips: The Belittling of the Black Community in St Louis by Sierra D. Hieshetter https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1 An in depth examination of the Homer G. Phillips Hospital in St. Louis, its closure, and the effects of the closure on the black community. Completed by Nora Harris, Izzie Hawkes, and Sierra Hieshetter en-us 2023-06-19 19:02:10 UTC 2023-08-01 17:56:25 UTC hello@padlet.com Methods Section sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2627372628 To answer our research questions, we utilized secondary and primary sources. Among our sources are archival materials like newspapers and letters and secondary sources like books and films. Synthesizing this wide range of sources allowed us to approach our topic with a social and historical focus. Such an approach has allowed us to uncover how community members were impacted by the hospital and its closure, which is essential as our primary goal with this research is to promote the voices of community members affected. These sources offered essential background and insight into our research, which has contributed immensely to our understanding of the circumstances surrounding the closure of the Homer G. Phillips Hospital and the endearing impact of its existence, including the way the concerns of the community were consistently devalued by the white politicians.]]> 2023-06-19 19:50:02 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2627372628 Main Argument sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2627372728 To meet the needs of the community of the Ville in St. Louis, the Homer G. Phillips Hospital was opened in 1937. After over four decades of relentlessly serving the community through medical education opportunities and lifesaving care, it was abruptly closed “peacefully through force” by governmental officials. Although community members formed activist groups and published reports in the years preceding the closure, the city of St. Louis decided to leave the hospital business and close the essential facility. As a result of its closure, a wide range of responses from citizens was prompted, including the work of ACTION and activists like Dick Gregory and Zenobia Thompson. Despite the combined efforts over several decades of many different players in the black community, the hospital remained closed and the community it served remained lacking that resource. The closure of the hospital is an example of the way racist policies were used to belittle and devalue the concerns of the black communities in St. Louis. ]]> 2023-06-19 19:50:18 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2627372728 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2638130015 The Argus newspaper proudly reported the groundbreaking of the hospital. One article from September 1932 encouraged those who “fought and found [themselves] in the thickest of the fight for this new hospital may well congratulate [themselves].” The piece further describes the “new promises and evidence that such a hospital is to be built on the ground originally selected by a citizen’s committee composed of Negroes in the city.” Those who fought and advocated for Black people in St. Louis recognized the importance of the hospital’s creation. ]]> 2023-07-04 18:07:22 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2638130015 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2638130104
In the years before Homer G. Phillips Hospital was opened, community members in the Ville recognized the necessity of a hospital and worked hard to open a facility to serve Black people in the city.

Between 1910 and 1920, due to the Great Migration, the Black population of St. Louis increased by sixty percent. Rural migrants came North to cities like St. Louis, primarily searching for industrial jobs. Yet, the public City Hospital in the city served only whites and had no facilities for black patients or staff. In response to this injustice, Black community leaders persuaded the city in 1919 to purchase a 177-bed hospital (formerly owned by Barnes Medical Group) in Mill Creek Valley at Garrison and Lawton avenues to serve African Americans. However, this hospital denoted City Hospital #2, was inadequate to the needs of the more than 70,000 black St. Louisans. Therefore, community members focused on advocating for a larger hospital in the Ville neighborhood. Their efforts created Homer G. Phillips Hospital.

]]> 2023-07-04 18:07:43 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2638130104 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639164586 Although hospital staff worked tirelessly to serve community members, in the decades that followed its opening, it was consistently underfunded and understaffed by the city. Despite this, in the 1940s and 1950s, it was a leader in developing the practice of intravenous feeding and treatments for gunshot wounds, ulcers, and burns. Not only did it house a nursing school, but also schools for training x-ray technicians, laboratory technicians, and medical record-keeping. It also began offering training and work to foreign doctors who other hospitals were denied because of their race.]]> 2023-07-06 01:46:36 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639164586 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639168049
The hospital’s namesake, Homer Gillman Phillips, was among the most vocal community members advocating for the construction of this new hospital. Phillips, a local Black attorney and political figure, spent much of his career working to improve conditions for Black people in St. Louis. Like other advocates, he supported the $87 million civic improvement bond issue of 1922. His primary role in the bond issue was to secure at least $1 million to construct a new hospital to serve Black people on the city's North Side.

]]> 2023-07-06 01:49:54 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639168049 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639203864 In 1960, each hospital department was staffed by at least one black doctor who also was a staff member of either Washington University or Saint Louis University, and in 1962 three-fourths of the interns at the hospital were black.

Community letters expressed their displacement with the city's failure to increase jobs and internship positions at the Hospital, hoping to strengthen the facilitates. ]]> 2023-07-06 02:20:16 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639203864 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639207156 By the latter half of the 1970s, discussions of closing the hospital permeated public discourse. Governmental officials and the Citizen's Committee expressed their dismay with the current conditions at the hospital. Yet, the city did not allocate the appropriate funds to save the hospital, using language in their responses that undermined the concerns of the black community and belittled their knowledge bases.]]> 2023-07-06 02:22:59 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639207156 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639208560 Throughout the 1950s, the hospital continued to serve community members even through funding difficulties that arose around this time.

Following the 1955 order by Mayor Raymond Tucker to desegregate the St. Louis city hospitals, Homer G. Phillips began admitting patients regardless of race or religious beliefs. Yet, the hospital continued to serve predominantly Black community members throughout the 50s, 60s, and 70s. ]]> 2023-07-06 02:24:01 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639208560 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639216887 Regardless of the lack of action from governmental officials, community members did not relent. The St. Louis Dispatch newspaper published this article describing a meeting between 500+ community members and the Alderman Board regarding the threat of closure of the city hospitals. Advocates for the city hospitals, like Homer G. Phillips, came to the meeting prepared to demand answers. The importance of the hospital in the Ville for Black St. Louis citizens is demonstrated through the passionate activists and advocates, including those mentioned in the article.

Through the end of the 1970s, community members continued to rally to keep the hospital open. Proposed bills to save the hospital did not come to fruition. Yet, advocates continued to work tirelessly to save the hospital. ]]> 2023-07-06 02:31:23 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2639216887 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640987647 1979 was a year of continued protest over the closing of the acute care facilities at Homer G Phillips and escalated activism including marches, sit-in, and an increased volume of protest letters from a wider variety of St. Louis citizens than ever before. Rumors of the hospital closure spread further and faster than they ever had before, gaining more widespread support and controversy around the issue. One notable letter of protest from May of 1979 came from eight-year-old Dumena Thompson. Her letter to Mayor Conway contained a spirit of passion and necessity. Like many of her fellow Northside residents, she saw the hospital as vital to the survival and prosperity of the neighborhood and saw the threat of closure as a direct attack against the community. She ended the letter with “Hear this! If you close Homer G. Phillips, we are going to close City Hall!”, a foreshadowing of the escalating levels of activism that took place during the year of the closure. ]]> 2023-07-09 03:55:06 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640987647 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640987943 Despite the efforts of protest letters and petitions, the acute care facilities at Homer G. Phillips were closed abruptly on August 19^th with the help of the St Louis city police force. A small force of protestors, including a nurse named Zenobia Thompson, were forcefully removed from the premises in the final stages of the consolidation, an event reported by the Argus Newspaper as a “Peaceful closing of Phillips Accomplished Through Force.” The closing didn’t stop the protests however, as the black community felt the consequences of the closure almost immediately. ]]> 2023-07-09 03:57:14 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640987943 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988111 One mother reported to the St Louis Globe Democrat that she struggled to be with her eight-year-old son who was undergoing a major eye-surgery across town at City Hospital no. 1 just a week after the closure of Homer G. Phillips. She stated “The nurses called my home three time because he was all upset and crying and the doctor said he’d start bleeding again…He’s afraid if we’re not there. But it’s hard to get there.” The mother, Edna Davis, had no complaints about the care her son was receiving at City Hospital, but the distance from their community was taking a toll on her family and finances. Concerns like this were consistently diminished by the Mayoral staff, responding to pleas to reopen the hospital with condescending remarks about the level of care available at City Hospitial.]]> 2023-07-09 03:58:28 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988111 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988186 Activists like Thompson and Dick Gregory organized a March through the city in early September of 1979 to pressure the mayor’s office to reopen the hospital. The Alderman of the 3^rd Ward was taken into custody, and discontent continued into the next year, but it was clear from the diminishing numbers of the protest groups (only 50 people in the early September march), that the years of controversy and political pressure were weighing on the Northside community and breaking down their capacity for protest.

]]> 2023-07-09 03:58:56 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988186 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988296 Although Phillips remained a staunch advocate of the construction of this new hospital, his hard work failed to materialize before his life was tragically cut short. On June 18, 1931, a little over a year before construction for the hospital began, Phillips was murdered in a case that perplexes today.

Yet, thanks in part to the work of Phillips, construction on the site began in the fall of 1932, with the city initially using funds from the 1923 bond issue and later from the newly formed Public Works Administration. The hospital was dedicated on February 22, 1937, with a parade and speeches by city and state political figures. It was renamed in 1942 from City Hospital #2 to Homer G. Phillips.

]]> 2023-07-09 03:59:52 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988296 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988359 The legacy of the Homer G. Phillips Hospital lives in many places in contemporary St. Louis if you know where to look. They mostly exist in places of historical preservation like the Missouri History Museum and the Griot Museum of African American History. When we visited these places, the legacy of Homer G. Phillips was mostly presented as a succinct, uncontroversial story. They emphasized the origins of the hospital and the excellency of the medical provided there despite the limitations of segregation. ]]> 2023-07-09 04:00:19 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988359 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988452 The closing was usually relegated to a footnote style after thought, like the plaque in the History Museum that read “The city closed the hospital in 1979—a decision that many African Americans considered a betrayal of their hard-won gains.” It is hard to capture the nuance and complexity of the closing, but the years of political machinations and the struggles of a community are underwritten by this statement. When we visited the city, the museum also had a special exhibit titled “Coloring STL,” an exhibit highlighting the unique and historical architecture of the city by allowing visitors to color in photos of the buildings on the walls. Situated near the City museum and the Gateway Arch is Homer G Phillips Hospital. This plaque features more of the story of Homer G. Phillips the man and doesn’t mention the closing at all. The racial roots of the controversy around the closure have been glossed over by celebrating the man who dreamed of the hospital, but not acknowledging the system that dismantled those aspirations. ]]> 2023-07-09 04:01:05 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988452 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988751 2023-07-09 04:03:36 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988751 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988827 2023-07-09 04:04:07 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988827 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988877 2023-07-09 04:04:37 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988877 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988901 The one place where the legacy of the hospital is not immediately apparent is the site of the historical building. Now a senior living facility, from the outside, the history of the site is almost entirely unacknowledged. The home is called the Homer G. Phillips Senior Living Community, but the outside of the building doesn’t recognize the torrid past of the location. Inside the facility, there is the original cornerstone of the building and a small plaque recognizing the founder and the nurses who studied at the hospital, but for the most part the legacy of the hospital has been erased from the original site and the surrounding neighborhood. ]]> 2023-07-09 04:04:52 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640988901 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640989383 2023-07-09 04:08:36 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640989383 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640989421 2023-07-09 04:08:53 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640989421 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640989472 2023-07-09 04:09:18 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640989472 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640989567 Nurse and activist Zenobia Thompson is still a passionate member of the Homer G. Phillips Nurses’ Alumni Association, an organization the fights for representation and equality to this day. In February 2023, the association filed a lawsuit against a developer set on naming a three-bed north St. Louis health center the “Homer G. Phillips Hospital.” Another nurse advocate, Yvonne Jones stated “We are not against the three-bed hospital that is located or will be located on Jefferson and Cass; all we're asking is that he remove the name. It was located in The Ville and so we want Homer G. Phillips’ name and legacy to remain in The Ville.” The fact that controversy around the representation of the hospital’s legacy in the neighborhood is still persistent today simply emphasizes the fact that the erasure of the racial roots of the hospital closure permeate St. Louis and specifically the black community in St. Louis.

]]> 2023-07-09 04:09:57 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2640989567 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641380023 2023-07-10 02:08:56 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641380023 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641431385 2023-07-10 02:53:37 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641431385 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641446962 The closure of the Homer G. Phillips Hospital in 1979 was widely covered in the media, particularly in St. Louis, Missouri, and surrounding areas. As one of the first African-American hospitals in the United States, the hospital's closure was seen as a symbol of the challenges faced by minority communities and the decline of segregated healthcare facilities.

Media coverage at the time often highlighted the historical significance of the hospital and its role in providing healthcare services to the African-American community during the era of racial segregation. Many articles and news reports focused on the hospital's legacy and its impact on the predominantly Black Northside community.

]]> 2023-07-10 03:06:42 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641446962 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641495704 The media also discussed the reasons behind the closure of Homer G. Phillips Hospital. Financial difficulties and changing healthcare trends were often cited as key factors contributing to the decision. Some reports mentioned that the hospital struggled to maintain its services due to declining patient numbers, increasing costs, and a lack of financial support. This lack of support, both financially and socially, came from various city mayors for multiple years leading up to the closure of the hospital. In 1979, Major James F. Conway officially closed the hospital due to insufficient city funds. He claimed that “money given to running both hospitals would be around the city parks, streets and other departments would not receive.” Additionally, Conway was fully aware that he would lose support from Northside residents. However, he attempted to portray this loss as anger and frustration solely from Black politicians and officials, rather than acknowledging the discontent expressed by Northside residents. This is despite the fact that he received numerous letters and petitions directly from those residents.]]> 2023-07-10 04:02:50 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641495704 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641498860 The closure of the hospital was seen as a loss for the African-American community and sparked concerns about access to healthcare services. The media discussed the potential impact on the community, particularly on low-income individuals who relied on the hospital for medical care. Reports also highlighted the efforts of community activists and leaders who sought to address the gaps left by the closure and ensure continued access to healthcare for underserved populations. Now, in regard to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibits discrimination based on race, color, national origin, and other protected characteristics, the closure of the Phillips Hospital violated this policy. While the act primarily focuses on ensuring equal treatment and opportunities, it also has broader implications for addressing systemic discrimination and disparities in access to services, including healthcare. These barriers can include limited transportation options, financial constraints, and a lack of healthcare facilities in their immediate vicinity. Closure of the Phillips hospital in such an area and forcing residents to travel longer distances to access healthcare exacerbated these existing disparities.

Northside residents were forced to seek medical care at City Hospital #1 that was farther away, which resulted in delayed/ inadequate treatment, reduced accessibility for low-income individuals, and increased burdens on already marginalized communities.

]]> 2023-07-10 04:07:24 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641498860 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641509980 2023-07-10 04:22:59 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641509980 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641514507 The immediate aftermath of the closing of the Homer G. Phillips Hospital was marked by significant changes and challenges for the community it served. The key aspects that characterized this period were disruption of healthcare services, increased strain on other healthcare facilities, the impact on the Northside and other underserved communities, efforts to address the gap and reflection on the legacy of the once fully-functioning hospital. ]]> 2023-07-10 04:28:27 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641514507 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641582789 Quite obviously, with the closure of Homer G. Phillips Hospital, the immediate consequence was the loss of a healthcare facility that had been providing services primarily to the African-American community. This resulted in a disruption of medical care and left many residents without a nearby hospital for their healthcare needs. The mayoral administration of Vincent C. Schoemehl was a key player in this time period as he campaigned and took office on the promise of restoring Homer G. Phillips Hospital to its former glory. ]]> 2023-07-10 05:44:15 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641582789 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641584094 2023-07-10 05:46:18 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641584094 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641592540 There were numerous occasions throughout this time period where studies consisting of financial analyses and such were done in order to disprove that reopening Homer G. was a good idea. All of these studies came to extremely similar conclusions- there was no real potential in reopening, there weren't enough city funds, City Hospital was open and available. ]]> 2023-07-10 05:59:00 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641592540 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641596648 2023-07-10 06:04:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641596648 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641597434 2023-07-10 06:05:36 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641597434 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641601974 Following the closure, there was a heavy economic impact on the Northside as many were laid off and/or transferred to City Hospital which involved much higher transportation expenses. ]]> 2023-07-10 06:10:23 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641601974 Politics isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641609033 Much of the debate about reopening HGP Hospital has to do with the amount of money it would take which concerns all taxpaying citizens, including Southsiders (predominantly white and at least middle class). There were many city officials and Southsiders actively working to prevent the reopening of HGP Hospital or even the building of a new hospital on the North side which would reportedly cost less. HGP had remained open for laboratory services and such (just no inpatient care), but even that was being targeted with a decrease in funding.

People continued to advocate for the reopening of HGP in the form of handwritten letters, petitions and typed letters. ]]> 2023-07-10 06:19:17 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641609033 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641610828 2023-07-10 06:21:42 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641610828 sierrahieshetter21 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641883205 While the closure of the hospital alone may not be a direct violation of the Civil Rights Act, the act can be relevant in cases where it can be demonstrated that the closure disproportionately impacts a specific racial or ethnic group, leading to unequal access to healthcare services. Consequently, the closure of the Phillips hospital located within a socioeconomically marginalized area markedly impeded healthcare accessibility for a distinct racial or ethnic group, specifically Black Americans residing on the Northside. This engenders a compelling rationale to contend that such action runs afoul of the foundational tenets of equitable treatment and non-discrimination enshrined in the Civil Rights Act.]]> 2023-07-10 14:29:43 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641883205 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641961807 2023-07-10 16:35:13 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641961807 isabellehawkes20 https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641965914 2023-07-10 16:44:17 UTC https://padlet.com/sierrahieshetter21/t9es8sh3zz3oaip1/wish/2641965914